178 ARTHUR-BISBY— TRANSLATION OF SCHWEINITZ'S 



names under the genus Puccinia from the singular to the plural, 

 thus P. Gain became P. Galiorum, P. Pnini-spinosce became P. Prii- 

 norum, P. Violce became P. Violarum, etc., and in this was imitated 

 to some extent by Schweinitz as in the change of Puccinia Helianthi 

 to P. Helianthorum. 



All these changes were with the clear intent of making the name 

 more accurately and fully represent the facts pertaining to the 

 species. It was an attempt to carry out the idea that still persisted 

 from pre-Linnsean times, that the name should embody some char- 

 acteristics of the thing named, and in so far as a binomial name per- 

 mitted, be descriptive. It was logical, consequently, to bring the 

 name down to date, and upon ascertaining that the rust on Primus 

 was not confined to one species of Primus, as at first supposed, but 

 occurred on more than one, to change the name from Puccinia 

 Pruni-spinoscc to P. Pnmorum, and similarly so for other cases. 

 The same result was even better attained by using a generalized ad- 

 jective form for the specific name. It must be borne in mind that 

 DeCandolle's dictum that the first name given to a species was the 

 only legitimate name and should not be changed because found to 

 be inappropriate had only been stated in 1813, and had received no 

 general adherence, certainly not by German authors. 



Along with the belief in descriptive names went the prevalent 

 idea of the nature of species. Species were treated as concepts. 

 This accounts for Schweinitz's insistence that when Link transfers 

 one of Schweinitz's species to another genus and also changes the 

 specific name in accordance with reasons just stated, or any other, 

 it is Schweinitz and not Link who should be cited for the new form 

 of the name. Schweinitz established JEcidium Caladii, and Link 

 changed the name to Cccoma {JEcidium) aroidatum, yet Schweinitz 

 places his initials after the latter name to indicate that it is his 

 species {i. e., his concept), and not Link's species. And so it comes 

 that the names first published by Link, Cceoma luminatimi, Puccinia 

 aculeata, Podisoma macropus, and many others, founded upon 

 Schweinitz's earlier descriptions of species differently named, are 

 followed by the initials of Schweinitz in his later work. 



The collection of Schweinitz's fungi at his death in 1834, was 

 left to the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. Each 



