88 THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY 



be very new. And so would a world be, where everyone had 

 their mouths in the middle of their bodies (rivaUing the Anthropo- 

 phagi)^ and their eyes at the ends of their fingers and toes. The 

 conditions under which one would go to a dinner-party or look 

 on at a play would be very different to anything to which we 

 are accustomed. But I must leave the development of this idea 

 to some inventive genius, and bring this too long paper to an end. 



Authorities Consulted. 

 Darwin — Origin of Species. 

 Semper — Animal Life. 



EncydopcEdia Britan7iica — Articles: Ichthyology — A. Giinther; 

 MoUusca — E. Ray Lankester. 

 Bell — Comparative Anatomy and Physiology. 

 Nicholson — Manual of Zoology and Manual of Paleontology. 

 Haeckel — Evolution of Man. 

 Contemporary Revieiu, October, iS86 : — 

 A. Buckley — Life and Her Children ; 

 Huxley — Anatomy of Invertebrates. 



Z\K lEytcrnal anatomy of tbe Dor^Bcetle. 



By Robert Gillo. 

 Plates XL, XII., XIII. 



IT is well known that beetles have a hard exterior covering or 

 case of chitine, inside of which are securely lodged all the 

 internal organs. When speaking of the limbs, it may be 

 said that beetles have their muscles inside their bones, for the 

 chitinous covering serves not only for an exterior skin, but it also 

 forms a system of very strong and rigid levers, similar in their 

 adaptation to the bones of the higher animals. There is, more- 

 over, a distinct advantage gained by this arrangement, for it is a 

 fact in mechanical construction, that where rigidity and strength 

 are required, they are best attained by disposing the material in a 

 tubular form. Hence the limbs of beetles are much stronger than 

 they would be if they were made solid and contained only the 

 same amount of strengthening material. Their bodies are not, 



