grosse's classification of the mallophaga. 159 



insects, or the restless, prying curiosity of young fishes, lead them 

 to touch the bladders. 



II. — Lidiiced Movements in Floral-Organs, seen in the irrita- 

 bility of stamens in Barberry, Pellitory, Nettle, Saxifrage, Rue, 

 Grass of Parnassus, Periwinkle, etc. ; in the movements of the 

 styles of Passion-flower, Cactuses, and others ; in the mutual 

 approach of stamens and styles in OnagracecB (Fuchsia), etc., and 

 the Mallows ; in the raising and lowering of the lahellum of many 

 orchids, and the central parts of the same flowers. 



All these cases except the last and those of the Leaves have to 

 do with fertihzing processes ; those of the leaves of Drosera and 

 DiofiQ^a, and of the bladders of Utricularia with the actual 

 nutrition of the plant. 



Of Climbing Plants I will, if opportunity offer, write at some 

 other time, and try to show the meaning of twiners, root-climbers, 

 hook-climbers, leaf-cHmbers, and tendril-bearers. 



Sutton, Surrey ; April, i88^. 



(5ro66e'6 Claeeification anb Structure of tbe 

 Bir&^Xice or flDaUopbaga.* 



Abstract by Professor G. Macloskie. 



(For the American Naturalist.) 



Plate 20. 



THE MALLOPHAGA, or bird-lice, are wingless insects with 

 incomplete metamorphosis, mandibulate mouth-parts, two 

 or three-segmented thorax, eight to ten abdominal somites. 

 They live on mammals and birds, feeding on their scales, hairs, 

 and feathers. The genera w^hich are found on mammals never 

 occur on birds, and vice versa. Redi first observed (1688) that 

 there are some lice with haustellate and others with mandibulate 

 mouth-parts. Nitsch (1842) carefully examined them, and Von 

 Giebel (1874) improved on his work. 



* Beitrage zur Kenntniss der Mallophaga, von Dr. Franz Grosse in Strass- 

 burg. Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Zoologie, Bd. XLIL, pp. 530 — 558, 

 mitXaf. XVIII. (1885). 



