450 Allgemeines. — Anatomie. — Biologie. 



similes and teleologic phantasies. With this in view the topics con- 

 sidered are the following: roots and rhizoids (soil roots and roothairs, 

 water and air roots, rhizoids); leaves (Chlorophyll and food manu- 

 facture, structure and arrangement of chlorenchyma, relation of 

 leaves to light, air Chambers and stomata, protection from excessive 

 transpiration, variations in form, absorption, secretion and excretion, 

 accumulation of water and food, miscellaneous structures and rela- 

 tions); stems (stems as organs of display, as reproductive organs, 

 conductive tissues, mechanical tissues, protective relations, accumu- 

 lation of water, food and waste products, Variation in form); sapro- 

 phytism and symbiosis (commensalism, parasitism, reciprocal para- 

 sitism, helotism and endosaprophytism), reproduction and dispersal 

 (reproductive behavior in seedless plants, flowers, influence ofexter- 

 nal factors upon reproductive organs, fruits and seeds); germination ; 

 plant association and adaptation. A useful bibliography is added. 



Harshberger. 



Tupper, W. W., Notes on Ginkgo biloba. (Bot. Gaz. LI. p. 374— 

 377. May 1911.) 



The root wood of Ginkgo contains parenchyma cells distributed 

 in radial rows in contrast to those of conifers, in which class the 

 cells occur in tangential rows. Some of the cells contain crystals, 

 and all the rows are in contact with at least one medullary ray. 



M. A. Chrysler. 



Mackenzie, M., Phy to-Phenolgy in its Application to the 

 Plants of the Philadelphia Neighbourhood. (Contr. Bot. 

 Lab. Univ. Pennsylvania. III. 3. p. 288—427. 1911.) 



The author first gives an historic account of phenology and 

 then in tabular form detailed phenologic observations on a list of 

 trees shrubs and herbs for a period of ten years from 1899—1909 in 

 which the recorder noted the dates of unfolding of the first leaf, 

 first flower; the ripening of the first fruit, the fading of the last 

 flower, etc. These facts are correlated with the weather reports for 

 the several years. The author also gives the resultats of a service 

 of experiments by means of recording instruments in the green- 

 houses of the university, to observe the influence of temperature, 

 light and darkness on the period of development of certain plants 

 removed from their natural environment to the hothouses. The 

 phenologic observations of Theodore D. Rand at Rodnor, Pa. 

 from 1880—1902 and of Geo C. Butz at State College, Penn, from 

 1896—1907 are included. Harshberger. 



Wester, P. J., Pollination experiments with Anonas. (Bull. 

 Torr. bot. Club. XXXVII. p. 529-539. N. 1910.) 



An investigation of Anona squamosa, A. reticulata, A. Cheri- 

 molia and A. glabra indicating that the flowers of all these species 

 are proterogynous and entomophilous. The pollinating agent of A. 

 glabra was not discovered. The extraordinary productivity of a few 

 trees of A. Cherimolia suggests a change in the pollination of the 

 flowers of these individuals possibly due to synacmy and self- 

 pollination. Moore. 



