642 Biologie. — Morphologie etc. 



of the latter are accompanied by Chamaephytes (whose surviving 

 buds are near the earths surface), and these — Salicornia amhigna, 

 Batis, and Sesuvnim — may be predominant. In this case the Vege- 

 tation calls to mind the Salicornia herbacea formation of northern 

 countries, the plants of which are in some respects almost identical 

 but belong to a more protected type (growthlorm), that of Therophytes 

 or annuals. (As to the nature of the ground the Salicornia herbacea 

 formation is like the Lagnnciilaria facies.) 



2. The Conocarpns formation, inside the Mangrove, containing 

 different facies corresponding with the Glyceria formation, ihejuncus 

 Gerardi formation, and the Staiice- Armeria formation of North 

 European salt-meadows. 



The unsheltered coast has two formations, that of Ipomaea pes 

 caprae and that of Coccoloba iivifera, the first named nearest to 

 the sea. 



The author has studied in detail Sandy PiOint, a small peninsula 

 formed of alluvial soil on the island of Sta-Cruz, and in comparing 

 this locality with a sandy peninsula of Denmark he points out that 

 the percentage of growth-forms (Bot. CBl. 111. p. 41) on the new 

 soil of both localities is dependent upon the climate, not upon the 

 ground, Sandy Point bearing about 69 percent of Phanerophytes 

 (having surviving buds on persisting branches in the air) and the 

 danish peninsula 47 percent of Hemicryptophytes (having surviving 

 buds in the earths crust). Thus, on both localities the same type 

 (growth-form) predominates as in the countries to which they belong. 



Other examples are given to illustrate the fact that the geological 

 age of a flora is of no consequence with regard to its "biological 

 spectrum" (statistics giving the percentage of the different growth- 

 forms). This is determined solely by the climate.) 



Further, the question is discussed whether the "biological spec- 

 trum" of a certain country could be changed b}^ Immigration from 

 other countries. Here it is pointed out that immigrated and natura- 

 lized species belong to the same growth-forms and in the same 

 mutual Proportion as the native plants of the country. 



Against the System of growth-forms established by the author 

 and the Statistical use be makes of it, the objection has been raised, 

 that the influence of the soil upon the "biological spectrum" may 

 be greater than that of the climate. (Raunkiaer considers the "biolo- 

 gical spectrum" as "reagens upon climate"). So, in the Brazilian 

 campos, forest prevails along the rivers, whereas more xerophytic 

 Vegetation covers the higher parts (Edaphic formations, Schimper). 

 Here, the author says: 



"Every formation is before all dependent on the temperature 

 and on the humidity originating from the precipitation; the preci- 

 pitation is distributed in different ways in the soil according to its 

 nature and surface, and hence comes the division in formations; it 

 therefore cannot be said that one plant-form.ation is edaphic another 

 not, on the other band they may all be named edaphic, dependent 

 as they are on the humidity of the soil; but as the humidity is 

 dependent on the precipitation it is most natural to say that they 

 are all climatic". Ove Paulsen. 



Schiller, I., lieber künstliche Erzeugung „primitiver" Kern- 

 teilungsformen bei Cvclops. (Roux's Archiv f. Entw. Mech. d. 

 Organ. XXVII. p. 560-609. 62 Fig. 1909.) 



Im Anschluss an die bekannten AetherisierungsversucheHäcker's 



