274 Allgemeines. — Biologie. 



Worcester, D. C, The Non-Christian Tribes of Northern 

 Luzon. (Philippine Journ. Sei., I. 8. p. 791—875, 67 pls. Oct. 1906.) 



A very well illustrated account of the seven non-Christian tribes 

 of Luzon north of Manila. The Negritos practice little or no agri- 

 culture: The Ilongots practice agriculture in a primitive way. The 

 Kaiingas show a distinct advance in their agriculture over the Ilon- 

 gots, they grow rice, taro, camotes {Batatas edulis) and even a 

 little coffee or cacao. The Ifugaos, though still inveterate head hunters 

 unless held in check, have an agriculture "little short of wonderful, 

 and no one who has seen their dry stone dams, their irrigating 

 ditches running for miles along precipitous liillsides and even crossing 

 the faces of cliffs, and their irrigated terraces extending for thousands 

 of feet up the mountain sides, can fail to be impressed." Compared 

 with these examples of primitive engineering as seen at Nueva Viz- 

 caya "the terraced hills of Japan sink into insignificance." Rice is 

 the main crop but after it has been harvested many other plants 

 are grown often on mounds thrown up in the middle of the paddies 

 from which crawling insect pests are kept away by the w^ater that 

 converts these mounds into miniature islands when the paddies are 

 flooded. The Bontoc Igorots are of Malay origin and have a highly 

 developed agriculture. They build terraces in which they grow rice 

 and camotes by the aid of irrigation. They also grow millet, beans^ 

 maize, etc. The Agriculture of the Benguet-Lepanto Igorots is not 

 so well developed as that of the Bontoc Igorots. They grow camotes 

 chiefly and rice is a luxury. The Tingians are essentially an agricul- 

 tural people and grow rice, camotes, taro, maize, cotton tobacco, 

 etc., as well as fruit trees. 



The admirable illustrations that accompany this report though 

 primarily of anthropologic interest nevertheless show many striking 

 examples of the high development of agriculture among the wild 

 tribes of N. Luzon. W. T. Swingle. 



Silen, F., Blombiologiska iakttagelser i Kittilä Lappmark. 



[Blütenbiologische Beobachtungen in Kittilä Lappmark]. 



(Meddelanden af Soc. pro Fauna et Flora fennica. 1906. H. 31. 



p.^ 88—99.) 

 Silen, F., Blombiologiska iakttagelser i södra Finland. 



[Blütenbiologische Beobachtungen im südlichen Finland]. 



(Ibid. H. 32. p. 120—134. 1906.) 



In der Umgebung des Kirchdorfes Kittilä (67°30') hat der Verf. 

 in den Sommern 1895 — 1900 Beobachtungen über blütenbesuchende 

 Insekten gemacht. Im Ganzen hat er 87 Pflanzenarten beobachtet, 

 darunter viele nordische, wie Viscaria alpina, Cerastium alpinuin, 

 Astragahis alpimis, Rtibiis arcticiis, R. chatnaeniornSj Petasites fri- 

 gida, Vaccinia, Pyrolae, Phyllodoce, Sceptviim, Bart sc hin, Salices, 

 Tofieldia u. a. Die Besucher, deren Bestimmung zum Teil von Spe- 

 cialisten ausgeführt wurde, sind genau verzeichnet. Von besonderem 

 Interesse dürfte die Angabe sein, dass Coeloglossmn viride vorwie- 

 gend durch Ca iitharis- Arien, welche die Blumen in der Zeit von 2 

 Uhr Nachts bis 10 Uhr Vm. besuchen, polliniert wird. Nach den 

 Erfahrungen des Verf sind die blütenbesuchenden Insekten auch 

 bei dieser hohen Breite so zahlreich, dass die Pollination der ento- 

 mophilen Blüten in den meisten Fällen durch sie vermittelt wird. 



Diese Beobachtungen wurden später an einigen Lokalitäten in 

 Süd-Finnland fortgesetzt. Für 55 Arten bringt die zweite Ab- 



