THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 271 



and separable in the larva. The' natural food-plant of rutila has not been 

 determined, but it flourishes in burdock and thistle, and did the New 

 Brighton species subsist in such commodious plant-stems we should 

 certainly meet with moths having a greater expanse. As it is, Mandrake 

 roots are so small, larva? have been seen stalled and unable to survive, so 

 tightly were they wedged in their galleries. The young larvse evidently 

 emerge about the second week of June, and mature from ten days to two 

 weeks later than riitila and Harrisii. Entrance is easily made at any 

 part of the juicy stem, and work soon gets down to the root proper. The 

 original aperture is preserved and enlarged, being used long after a 

 lengthy tunnel has been made in the root. The larvfe belong to that 

 major section wherein the dorsal line is alone continuous and unbroken. 

 The following is descriptive of the three fiuil stages, which are the more 

 important ones : 



Stage V. — Form cylindrical, characteristics typical. Head 1.8 mm. 

 wide, a faint dark line extends from ocelli to edges of thoracic plate, and 

 is there dimly continued. Body colour pink ; dorsal, subdorsal and 

 substigmatal lines pale yellowish, the last two broken at the first four 

 abdominal segments. Tubercles normal, the accessory tubercle \N a 

 occurs on joint ten, above the line of the spiracles. On joint twelve the 

 large anal plate is preceded by an elongate plate, the merging of I and II 

 from both sides. The tubercles are brownish, the spiracles black. 



Stage VI.-— Similar, the colour a little faded. Head, 2.5 mm. wide, 

 side marking lost. Tubercles I and II are concolorous, and definable 

 only by their setse to joint eleven, where they appear in the usual quadrate 

 setting. On joint ten, IVa, as before. This stage is reached about July 

 23, when such early species as puri/ascia, circiimlucens and iielita have 

 left their plants for pupation. 



Stage VII. — Little change, except that the colour fades to a flesh- 

 tint and the lines are lost. Head, 2.7 mm. in width. Tubercle \N a on 

 joint ten the same as before ; does not bear a seta. Length from 38 to 

 43 mm. 



These larvfe became mature about Aug. 10, and left their burrows in 

 order to change to pupce. The latter offer no individual features. Dates 

 for emergence range from Sept. 8 to 30. 



In the season of 1906 Papaipema studies received a local impetus 

 through the discovery on the home preserves of an unknown, distinctive, 

 and never-before-seen species, that savoured of interest the moment its 

 larva was observed. Of course there are plenty of species whose larvae 



