THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



question. No book that I have gives any farther information. The 

 " Larvae of British Butterflies," by the late Wm. Buckler, recently pub- 

 lished, says nothing on the point. 



There are three American species of Grapta, at least, which correspond 

 to, and represent, C Album, namely, Comma, Satyriis ax^^^ Faunus, and 

 so high authorities as Dr. Staudinger and Mr. Moschler once pronounced 

 all these to be C Album. But after figures of the larva of Comma were 

 published, 1871, But. N. A., vol. i, and descriptions of the larva of 

 Satyrus by Messrs. H. Edwards and Pearson, it was everywhere conceded 

 that these two were not C Album. That was something gained. But 

 many, especially European, authors still hold Faunus to be C Album. 

 Faunus is remarkable for its lack of variabihty. Examples from all locali- 

 ties are identical in coloration and markings. Whereas C Album, if all 

 the phases in color, markings and size, which in Europe pass as C Album, 

 be really but one species, a matter which I very much doubt, varies won- 

 derfully, and takes in not only phases like the three American species 

 mentioned, but of three or four others, and some not represented in 

 America. And now comes proof that C Album is two-brooded, while it 

 is certain that in no part of its territory is Faunus more than single- 

 brooded, although in a considerable part of such territory it flies in com- 

 pany with Comma, and apparently the season is as favorable in these dis- 

 tricts for two broods in Fatmus as in Comma. Faunus is a sub-boreal 

 species, flying from one ocean to the other, but to the southward it also 

 occupies Canada and parts of New England, New York, Pennsylvania, 

 and Virginia, and even to Georgia, in the mountainous sections. And 

 being boreal and one-brooded, it is fair to presume that it came from the 

 north ; that at the time, ages ago, when the two continents were united, 

 the species occupied the northern parts of both. When the separation 

 took place, the European branch split into numerous varieties, and became 

 double-brooded, yet retained its identity as one species (that is, if the 

 European lepidopterists of to-day are right in their views), and shows 

 nowhere differences between any of its preparatory stages — one multiform 

 species. 



And the other branch, on the western continent, threw off diverse 

 forms, several of which have come to have very different caterpillars from 

 the original type. These also came to be two to four-brooded, and two, 

 at least, became seasonally dimorphic in coloration. But one form, 

 Faunus, remains single-brooded, and shows no tendency to vary, and may 



