202 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



extending beneath and partially embracing the abdomen ; fore and hind 

 wings in repose resting in the same plane. Egg either distinctly higher 

 than broad and then vertically ribbed ; or sub-globular and then smooth 

 or reticulate ; or broader than high and then usually echinoid or tiarate. 

 Larva at birth. — Head usually broader and higher than the body ; the 

 latter either with ranged appendages (of various shapes) generally longer, 

 often much longer, than the segments ; or with fleshy tubercles, especially 

 on the thoracic segments. First thoracic segment with no distinct corne- 

 ous dorsal shield. Mature larva variable in form, but generally cylin- 

 drical, often spinous, never with a strongly contracted and distinct neck, 

 and without distinct thoracic shield. Generally constructing no place of con- 

 cealment. Chrysalis generally (excl. Lycaenidse) more or less angulate 

 or with projecting shoulders, very rarely (in our species never) enclosed 

 in a cocoon. 



1. Imago. — Clypeus not only occupying the face, but extend- 

 ing also over half the crown of the head, and separated from the 

 epicranium by a distinct (in Danais, slight) transverse furrow 

 between the antennse. Base of the antennae wholly separate from 

 the inner edges of the eye. Prothoracic lobes tolerably large and 

 above tumid. Wings with the outer margins usually crenulate, 

 dentate, sinuate, or angulate ; front pair with two inferior subcos- 

 tal nervules, originating at the extremity of the cell ; inner margin 

 of hind wing always embracing the abdomen. Tetrapod, the fore 

 legs being unused and atrophied, especially in the ^ , but in both 

 sexes the terminal appendages of the last tarsal joint absent (ex- 

 cepting in Libythea, where the claws are present in the ^ ), and 

 both spines and spurs of tibiae obsolete. Egg either reticulate 

 and then sub-globular, or else vertically ribbed over at least the 

 upper half of the egg, and then never more than one half as high 

 again as broad. Larva at birth. — Head generally larger, never 

 smaller, than the thoracic segments and generally scabrous ; when 

 of the same size, the corneous crown of the head is never en- 

 croached upon by the integument of the first thoracic segment, and 

 the body is covered either with series of very long hairs (in which 

 case most of them are acicular and not clubbed at the tip) or with 

 extremely short and distant acicular hairs. Mature laiva gener- 

 ally cylindrical, the head usually held in a vertical position, larger 

 than the segments behind it, free and posteriorly contracted. Body 



