262 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



apples from infested and uninfested clusters; the relation between spring and 

 fall injury, etc. 



The control of bud- moths is discussed at length, the measures recom- 

 mended being based on a long series of experiments on different varieties of 

 apple, using different sprays and nozzles. 



The latter part of the paper is taken up with the detailed descriptions* 

 life-history and habits of the four species discussed. 



The Fruit Worms of the Apple in Nova Scotia. By G. E. Sanders and 

 A. G. Dustan. Bull. 17 (Technical Series), Entomological Branch, Dept. 

 of Agriculture. March 1, 1919. 28 pp., 9 figs, in text. 



The fruit worms discussed in this report are the larvae of a number of 

 Noctuid moths belonging to the genera Graptolitha, Conistra and Xylena. 

 They are important enemies of the apple in Nova Scotia, and the damage which 

 they effect by eating into the young fruit or the set of the apples causes the 

 dropping of about 72 per cent, of the injured fruit and the deforming of about 

 78 per cent, of the remainder. The commonest species is Graptolitha bethunei. 



The life-history of the various species is so similar that a general account is 

 given which applies to all. The moths appear in the auturnn, hibernate and 

 deposit their eggs on the twigs of the apple during May. "These eggs hatch 

 about the time the apple buds are beginning to show pink. The larvae feed for 

 two first two weeks on apple leaves and blossoms, and drop to the ground very 

 readily when disturbed. After the first two weeks the larvae feed more on the 

 fruit than the leaves, causing an immense amount of injury." Pupation takes 

 place in the ground in early July. 



Fruit worms are difficult insects to poison, and their control is largely 

 mechanical. The authors find that an arsenical spray applied immediately 

 before the blossoms is the most valuable, while that applied immediately after 

 the blossoms comes next in importance. The pre-blossom spray should be 

 applied at a high velocity in serious outbreaks. 



The latter part of the report consists of descriptions of the earlier stages of 

 the nine species of fruit worms discussed. 



A Contribution to the Knowledge of the Bot-flies, Gastrophilus in- 

 testinalis, DeG., G. haemorrhoidalis, L., and G. nasalis, L. By S. 

 Hadwen. D.V.S., (Dominion Pathologist, Health of Animals Branch) and 

 A. E. Cameron, M.A., D. Sc, F.E.S. (Technical Assistant, Entomological 

 Branch), Dept. of Agriculture, Ottawa. Bull. Ent. Research, Vol. IX, 

 pt. 2, Sept., 1918. 



An investigation into the life-histories and habits of the three species of 

 horse bot-flies that occur in the western provinces. Detailed descriptions are 

 given of the eggs and the manner of their deposition, the young larvae and 

 their method of entering the host. Experimental evidence is given to show 

 that the eggs of G. nasalis and G. haemorrhoidalis are capable of hatching spon- 

 taneously, and that the larvae probably penetrate directly into the integument 

 of their host. The eggs of G. intestinalis, on the other hand, require moisture 



