184 



THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



subject into some sort of relation with the morphological details. Owing 

 to the wrong conclusions and the false application of terms, the general 

 result of these works is still very unsatisfactory, and not until 1902, when 

 Enoch Zander issued his excellent and most thorough treatise on the male 

 genital organs of Lepidoptera, do we arrive at any clear and definite idea 

 of the development of these organs, and the relationship of the various 

 parts to each other. 



We will have to confine ourselves here to a short statement of the 

 various conclusions reached by Zander, but would heartily recommend 

 anyone intending to occupy himself with this subject to study the work 

 itself in detail. 



In spite of the great and confusing variety of forms Zander has 

 satisfactorily shown that the male genitalia may be traced to a single 



izr 



Fig. 8. — Cienitalia of Apatura iris, s'de view (according: to Zander), 

 14: 1. P., Penis ; Pp., Penis pouch; R. W., Ringwall ; Sa., Saccus; Unc, 

 Uncus ; Scaph., Scaphium ; V.. Valve. 



common plan of construction. The abdomen of all Lepidoptera consists 

 of TO segments, representing the body segments iv-xiii. The Segmental 

 rings of segments v-ix consist of a dorsal and ventral chiiinous plate, the 

 tergite and sternite respectively ; in segment iv the sternite is always 

 lacking. Segments x and xi, while often agreeing exactly with the preced- 

 ing ones, are sometimes slightly modified and brought into relationship to 

 the genital organs. In certain Geometridae Seg. x has large hair pencils 

 concealed in lateral pockets (Haartaschen of Poljanec); Seg. xi shows in 

 several neotropical butterflies several enormous lateral processes arising 

 from the posterior portion of the sternite (Rami of Stichel) ; several 

 species of Bombycidae show also an armature of chitinous hooks and 

 processes. 



