110 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST 



A FURTHER COMPARISON OF THE WINGS OF ZORAPTERA, 

 PSOCIDS, AND APHIDS, FROM THE STANDPOINT oF 



PHYLOGENY. 



1?Y G. C. CRAMPTON, PH.D. 

 Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. 



The venation of the fore wings of the Zoraptera. Psocids, Aphids, and 

 related forms was discussed in a recent ])aper pubHshed in \'ol. 32, p. 97, of the 

 Entomological News for 1921 ; l)ut the venation of the hind wings of these in- 

 sects was not included in the paper referred to above, .^ince material suitable for 

 determining the homologies of the peculiar venation of the hind wings of the 

 Zoraptera was not available at that time. Recently, however, through the kind- 

 ness of Mr. Nathan Banks, I have been able to study the venation of the aberrant 

 psocids figured by Enderlein 1903-1906, which have enabled me readily to homol- 

 ogize the veins of the hind wing of Zoraptera ; and since Enderlein's principal 

 paper was published in a Hungarian periodical which is doubtless inaccessible 

 to many cisatlantic entomologists, I have included in the present paper such of 

 Enderlein's figures as are of value for determining the homologies of the veins 

 of both wings in the Zoraptera. and for determining the closest affinities of these 

 insects. For the privilege of studying the wings of the intensely interesting and 

 phylogenetically important order Zoraptera. T am indebted to the kindness of Mr. 

 A. N. Caudell whose sympathetic interest, and unfailing readiness to lend assis- 

 tance, has been a source of inspiration and encouragement to many a student in 

 the field of entomological research. 



The affinities of the Zoraptera have been discussed by Silvestri, 1913, 

 Caudell, 1920, and Crampton, IS 20, and all of these investigators were apparently 

 impressed by the resemblance of the Zoraptera to the Isoptera in their general 

 appearance, their colonial habits, the breaking off of the wings, and in certain 

 details of thoracic and abdominal structures. I have emphasized the fact, how- 

 ever, that the Zoraptera are strikingly like the ancestors of the Psocids, and in 

 an article published in Vol. 32, p. •>/, of the Ent. News 1 have grouped the Zorap- 

 tera, Psocids, Mallophaga, Anopleura, Thysanoptera, Palaeohemiptera, Homop- 

 tera and Hemiptera, etc., in a common super-order, the '"Panhomoptera" (instead 

 of grouping the Zoraptera with the Isoptera, as in former papers) and likewise 

 called attention to the fact that "the resemblance of both fore and hind wings of 

 the Psocid Archipsocus textor to the wings of the Zoraptera is strikingly close." 

 In the present paper, I would present the evidence of the wing veins supporting 

 the contention that the Zoraptera are nearer to the Psocids than to any other 

 insects; and that the Zorajjtera should therefore be placed in the super-order 

 Panhomoptera next to the Psocid members of this group; and I would also call 

 attention to the fact that the wings of the Zoraptera are very suggestive of those 

 of the Hymenoptera in certain respects — a resemblance which likewise extends 

 to certain of the body structures as well. 



So far as the wings are concerned, the resemblance between the Zoraptera 

 and the Psocids is so marked, that they might readily be grouped in the same 

 order, if the wings were the only features to be considered, since the wing vena- 

 tion of the Psocid sub-family Archipsocinae is even more like that of the Zorap- 



