84 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



smaragdina, Walk. 



1850. Zammara, Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Homop. I., $2>. 



1 88 1. Zammara, Distant, Biol. Cent. Amer. Homop. 3 ; pi. I.. 1. 



1 888. Zammara, Woodworth, Psyche, V., 67. 



1892. Zammara, Uhler, Trans. Md. Acad. Sci., 174. 



angulosa, Walk. 

 1850. Zammara, Walker, Cat. Brit. Mus. Homop. 1., 34. 

 188S. = smaragdina Walk., Woodworth, Psyche, V., 67, 

 Habitat — California, Mexico. 



PRACTICAL ENTOMOLOGY. 



A Contribution to the Study of the Insect Fauna of Human 

 Excrement (with especial reference to the Spread of Typhoid Fever 

 by Flies). By L. O. Howard, Ph.D. Proc. Washington Acad. 

 Sciences, December 28, 1900. Royal 8vo., pp. 60, fig. 22, plates 2. 

 This paper, just issued by Dr. L. O. Howard, the United States 

 Entomologist, is of enormous and far-reaching importance. The subject 

 is, undoubtedly, at first sight an unpleasant one ; but it is of such intense 

 interest to all, that it becomes the duty of anyone who appreciates the 

 bearing of this paper to draw public attention to it, as a source of 

 authoritative and definite information on a subject which may affect the 

 health of every individual in every community, especially where many 

 human beings are gathered together, as in military camps and large 

 cities. Moreover, this paper indicates a ready means, always available, 

 by which the spread of typhoid fever, cholera and other kindred diseases 

 may be to a large extent prevented. It has for some time been 

 recognized by advanced physicians and some few others, that "flies " are 

 the direct agents in the distribution of some diseases ; but Dr. Howard, 

 by the investigations which are here summarized, proves what kinds of 

 flies are responsible for this evil, shows the way in which they do it, and 

 points out how it may be prevented. The present contribution is a record 

 of actual observations by Dr. Howard and his assistants at Washington, 

 aided by correspondents in many parts of the United States. Dr. 

 George M. Sternberg, Surgeon-General of the U. S. Army, and other high 

 medical authorities are cited, showing the importance of the careful and 

 regular treatment of fiscal matters in large encampments, and instances 

 are given of the fatal results of neglecting the precautions recommended. 



