280 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



is ' protected ' by ants of the genus Cremastogaster. On one occasion 

 Mr. Bell was collecting larvae at Katgal, and the ants were principally on 

 Zizyphus rugosa (Nat. Order Rhamnece), but were also swarming all over 

 six or seven different species of trees all around, and on all of these trees 

 there were larvae of C. ananda covered with ants and eating the leaves of 

 the trees in every case. Since then he has noticed the larvae of this 

 butterfly eating the leaves of many different plants and always in 

 company with the same species of ants. With regard to the other 

 butterflies mentioned above, the females first look for the right species 

 of ant, while the species of food-plant seems to be quite a secondary 

 consideration, at any rate to a considerable extent. The larvae of Zesius 

 may be found on very nearly any plant that harbours the large red ant, 

 CEcophylla smaragdiua, so much so that Mr. Bell has often had a 

 suspicion that the butterfly larvae will occasionally eat the ant larvae, 

 though he has not actually seem them do so. The larvae of the other 

 two butterflies are only found on plants affected by ants of the genus 

 Cremastogaster. The larvae of all the four species are often found in the 

 ants' nests, and their pupae occasionally." Mr. de Niceville then gives a 

 list of twenty-seven species of Lyc&nidiv, twenty-four of which are 

 attended more or less frequently bv ants. 



As long ago as 187S, Mr. W. H. Edwards gave in this magazine 

 (Can. Ext., Vol. X., pp. 131-136) a most interesting detailed account of 

 his observations on the larvae of Lyccena pseudargiolus and the attentions 

 bestowed upon them by four different species of ants. The object of the 

 ants was to obtain the sweet fluid extruded by the larvae, and in return 

 they warded off enemies threatening the caterpillars in their charge. 



Mr. S. H. Scudder also gives an interesting " Excursus " on this 

 subject in his great work, "The Butterflies of the Eastern United States 

 and Canada," page 962, Excursus XXXV. 



PUP.E OF LVC/ENID/E. 



In the paper already referred to (page 247), Mr. de Niceville gives a 

 list of eight genera of Lyccenidtz which have the pupa suspended by the 

 cremaster alone with no median girth ; on this account he considers that 

 they seem to form a very natural group, as it is an extremely rare 

 character in this family of butterflies. This fact rather upsets the familiar 

 division of the Rhopalocera into Succincti, Suspensi and Involuti, in 

 accordance with the mode of attachment of the pupae. 



