66 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



Erebia Blandi7ia as pupating upright in the sod, also unattached ; and 

 I have copied this pupa on the plate, 9. 



More remarkable still is Buckler's figure of Hipparchia Semele pupa 

 (iv). It looks like Tityrus also, but is stouter, and the ventral side pro- 

 trudes as in that species and Galathea (Fig. 10). Mr. Buckler's own 

 account accompanies the plate. He dug the larva out of the sandy ground 

 near the sea shore. " The captured larva, on being placed under a glass 

 on a pot with its native food, immediately burrowed in the sandy earth, 

 and the few times it was seen on the grass were always at night. On the 

 23rd June I searched for the pupa and found it in a hollow space a quarter 

 of an inch below the surface, the particles of sand and earth slightly 

 cohering together, and close to the roots of the grass, yet free from them. 

 The pupa was obtuse, rounded, turned and smooth, and wholly of a deep 

 mahogany colour." That is a strange recital ! An Arctic Chionobas 

 may be compelled by the severity of the climate to live within the moss 

 and pupate there, but. here is a species in the temperate regions, at the 

 level of the sea, burrowing in the sand like a cut-worm, coming out at 

 night to feed and returning to ground cut-worm fashion, and pupating 

 under the surface in a manner common to many families of the Hetero- 

 cera, even certain genera of Sphingidae.* Probably many other species 

 and genera of Satyrinse have larval habits such as I have related. Of the 

 vast number of species but few are known in the early stages. Mr. 

 Scudder says, p. 119: "We know of at least eight European species 

 (besides Galathea), mostly referred to Satyrus, but some to Epinephele and 

 Pararge as well, the chrysaiids of which are not suspended." 



We have in America a butterfly, Ridingsii^ provisionally placed in the 

 genus Hipparchia, but which is not congeneric with Semele., the larva and 

 pupa of which may have the form and habits of Galathea or even of 

 Semele. I have its larvae now hibernating. 



The Satyrinse are a very numerous family, with many natural genera, 

 and most of these have numerous species. Kirby, in 187 1, made 80 

 genera, and as many species have been described since, and of making of 

 genera, natural and artificial, there is no end, I dare say there are 150 

 genera of some sort in the books to day. The butterflies are all or nearly 



* " Agrotis C. Nigrum feeds by night on the tops of red clover, hides in the 

 ground by day, pupates in a loose cocoon on top of the ground beneath rubbish, or even 

 without any cocoon ; but most Agrotids pupate in the ground. All the larvse of the 

 genus have the habit of curling up." — French. I sent Prof. French one of these plates. 

 He writes : — " No. lo is precisely as I have seen the Agrotis pupate," 



