THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 83 



speaking, is made, is in the sub-families most closely allied to the 

 Hesperidae, among the groups of Parnasinae and Anthocharinge." (I very 

 much doubt any cocoon in an Anthocharis, myself); quite ignoring the 

 cocoon of Semele, as figured on our plate. " And, again in exceedingly 

 feeble instances, where the necessities appear to be overwhelmingly great, 

 among the higher Nymphalidse, which have lost even the last remnant of 

 the cocoon of moths, viz., in some of the Satyrinae, which lack cremastral 

 hooks and undergo their transformations ordinarily in the rudest form of 

 a cell, which they can construct above or at the surface of the ground by 

 the mere movements of the body and the spinning of one or two threads 

 of silk." The " necessities " may have been overwhelmingly great in the 

 case of Semidea ; but what of Jiitta, a species of the same genus, living 

 in Maine, and of Semele and Galathea, at the level of the sea, in temper- 

 ate Europe ! Among the great sub-family Satyrinse, with its multitude of 

 genera, of nearly all of which the habits at pupation are unknown, it is 

 probable enough that the heterocerous style of pupation is common. To 

 refer such cases, in a group claiming to be farthest removed from the 

 moths, to atavism from the moths, will not do. There are too many of 

 them. And the same sort of ancestral traits crop out in the color and sexual 

 markings of the imago, in the egg and larva, as well as in the pupating habit. 



In the "Butterflies" three "prime features," as they are called, 

 are given, viz : The pupating habit, with the flat ventral surface of the 

 pupa among the Nymphalidas, the papillae on tongue, and the atrophy of 

 the forelegs. In the But. N. E., so far as I see, the papillae prime is 

 dropped, as well it might be. We are told in the former work, p. 255, 

 that this feature consists in the complication of the structure of the 

 papillae of the tongue. In the Papilios and Skippers " these are merely 

 minute tubercles, * * * seldom rising much above the surface. In 

 the Lycaenidae they are longer and more frequent, while in the Satyrinae 

 they are often half the breadth of the tongue in length, closely crowded 

 together, and often trifid at their tips." (Of course this feature can only 

 be made out by a powerful microscope.) How one of these conditions is 

 an advance on the other is not explained, and I will venture to say is not 

 explainable. Each species of animal, mammal, butterfly, or what not, 

 has a tongue suited to its habits. A cow or a sheep has that organ 

 adapted to grass feeding, a giraffe has one that is half a yard long, and 

 prehensile at that, and feeds off the tree tops ; but whoever heard that the 



