THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. (S5 



attachment, or with no cocoon, in or on the ground ; the Hesperidae in a 

 folded leaf, or in two or three leaves brought together, having the tail of 

 the pupa attached to the end of the case by a Y-shaped thread, and the 

 body held by another Y-shaped thread (But. 256). The Papilionidae and 

 Lycaenidae weave " a carpet of silk " by which the hooks of the tail are 

 held fast, and spin a real girdle of many threads, into which they thrust 

 head and anterior segments. But, in the Nymphalidae, there is no girdle, 

 and the pupa hangs by the tail from the carpet of silk. Finally, as we 

 have seen, many of the Satyrinae weave no carpet, indeed have no hooks 

 by which the pupa could hang, and so pupate naked in or on the ground, 

 or in some cases, as in Seinele, in a cocoon Others that do not make a 

 cocoon, spin threads by which leaves are girded about them, a style which 

 Mr. Scudder calls a cocoon "by courtesy,'" as Erebia Epipsodea and some 

 examples of Galathea. All these last, therefore, behave in the manner 

 of the moths. 



Oddly enough, Mr. Scudder has got himself in a state of mind to claim 

 that these unattached pup^ have reached the greatest advance of all. 

 " We see, therefore, a regular progression from the lower to the higher 

 butterflies, in the loss, first, of the cocoon, next, of the girt ; and, as if 

 this were not enough, some of the highest butterflies have even lost the 

 last remnant of silk and fallen to the ground." That is to say, a rever- 

 sion to the habits of the moths is an advance in grade. Continuing : 

 "As if to show that the suspension by the tail alone is a stage beyond 

 that of hanging by tail and girdle, we have a clear proof that all the 

 Suspensi have passed through the stage of the Succincti, since the 

 straight ventral surface of the abdomen, assumed perforce by the Suc- 

 cincti when they left the cocoon stage, and became attached to hard 

 surfaces, still remains in the chrysalids of the Nymphalidx " (these italics 

 are Mr. Scudder's), " where it no longer serves any purpose — as clear 

 and striking an indication that the Suspensi outrank the Succincti, as that 

 the pupa is higher than the larva." — But., 258. 



I deny the fact alleged, that the pupae of the Papilionidae, which being 

 the first to leave the cocoon stage, and " perforce assumed " a flat ventral 

 surface, have that sort of a surface. I never saw such a thing in one of 

 the Papilioninae ; they are all rounded, as in Turnns, or rounded and 

 bent back in the middle, as in Asterias, Troilus and Philenor. In many, 

 as the whole of Tnrnus group, the dorsal side is straighter and flatter 



