THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 205 



were exposed to cold at from i to 9 hours after forming. No. 2 all at 

 from 30 to 60 minutes after forming. No. 3 at from 10 to 30 minutes. 

 But I discovered afterwards, bv a label, that in this last lot were three 

 chrysalids which had not been exposed till two days after forming. 



The butterflies began to emerge on the seventh day, and by the ninth 

 all had emerged that were alive. Fully one-half of the chrysalids were 

 either dead or had just life enough to allow the bursting of the case with- 

 out any expansion of the wings ; and of the butterflies several were 

 cripples. No doubt this loss and maiming was in part owing to the water 

 in the boxes, but I think more largely to the tender age of the chrysalids 

 when exposed, their surfaces yet unhardened being liable to injury. But 

 the general result was satisfactory. 



Of lot I (exposure i to 9 hours after forming) there emerged 9 perfect 

 butterflies, 5^,4$, every one changed. The males were what I call 

 var. D of mania, and though varying much in their under surfaces, were 

 all like examples of the over-wintering brood (marcia) taken in the 

 Catskills. Of the 4 females, 2 are good examples of var. C, marcia, and 

 vary between themselves considerably, as is usual with that variety. But 

 the other 2 are fine examples of " suffusion,^' the colors on either side 

 blending, and the definite markings characteristic of the species being 

 lost ; also the black color of hind margins of upper side is hoary or 

 griseous. These are such examples as collectors prize as the gems of their 

 collections when taken in the field. 



Of lot 2 (exposure 30 to 60 minutes) emerged 5 females, no males. 

 Three are very little, if at all changed, but the other two are very pretty 

 examples of suffusion, though to a less degree than the two before men- 

 tioned from lot I, and the running of the colors is mostly restricted to the 

 under side. The black margins on upper side are, however, much broader 

 than in the normal form, running into and absorbing the extra discal 

 round black spots. 



Of lot 3 (exposure 10 to 30 minutes after forming, but with three 

 chrysalids two days after) there emerged two females, no males. One 

 of these I cannot distinguish from the summer i/iaros, and I presume this 

 was from one of the three chrysalids spoken of, though of course I have no 

 certainty of it. But the other is a beautiful example of var. B, marcia, the 

 under side of the hind wings being largely melanized. 



It would appear not to be necessary that cold should be applied before 



