THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 37 



SYNOPSIS OF ANTHOPHILA. 



BV CKVRLES R')TlRRr,i (M, CARI.I \\' I r.(.K, Il.llNOlS. 



This is one of a series of papers — Andrenina;, Tr. Am. Ent., Soc. 

 28: 187; HalictiiKTi, Can. Ext. 34: 245, 190- ; Si)hecodin:w, Ent. 

 News 14: 103 ; Megachilidx- and Bombincii, Tr. Am. Eat. Soc. 29: 163 ; 

 Noniadinas, Can. Ent. 35: 172 ; Epeolinae, Can. Ent. 35 : 284, 1903 — 

 intended to bring together the results of studies of the bees of the 

 neighbourhood of Carhnville, Illinois. 



The synopses are intended primarily to enable the student to dis- 

 tinguish the local species, and are based exclusively upon them, so that 

 the characters assigned may not always be true of related things from 

 beyond the district. In a given category I may mention certain characters 

 which are common to all of the local representatives of a group, and may 

 not mention those characters in the alternate category. Thus I say the 

 Andrenidte have the mandibles bidentate, not mentioning them in 

 Halictidse because they are various. 



When a family, or superftimily, is named from a given genus, I hold 

 that genus is the type of the family, and fixes the application of the family 

 name as the one to which that genus belongs. The name Apidse has 

 been used in three senses, and I use it in a fourth, but Apis always belongs 

 to it. 



The group of Apygidialia is placed first because it contains the 

 lowest bees. It appears to be an older, more broken series, there being 

 wide gaps between the different subdivisions. 



In the superfamily Trypetoidea, Stelididse is defined to contain 

 Trachusa, and no doubt Zricesta, in subfamily Trachusinae, and Anthidiinas 

 as a second subfamily, with the tribes Anthidiini and Stelidini. The 

 basal tooth of the claws of certain Megachilin?e is not homologous with 

 the inner tooth of Trachusa and Anthidiinge. 



In Ceratinoidea I would include Exoneura in a separate family, 

 Exoneuridte. I have seen E. libaiiensis, Friese. The most remarkable 

 thing about the case of this insect is that any one should regard it as an 

 inquiline. AUopade is evidently related here. There still remains a wide 

 gap between these things and Xylocopid^e. 



I would not separate Bombus and Psithyrus from Apidse. It seems that 

 a similar treatment would result in endless families. Psithyridje is a relic 

 of Schmiedeknecht's third section. Since he referred the inquilines to 

 this third section, which had the rank of a superfamily, he was obliged to 



