ANDREW HOWL.\ND RUSSELL. 861 



wooden model of their device as applied to a Hotchkiss Magazine, 

 and at the same time, prepared drawings of their own devices which 

 dispensed with the tube and had a fixed box magazine under the 

 receiver of the gun. In each case the cartridges were placed side 

 by side in the box magazine into which they could be loaded either 

 singly or all together, by a single motion. Five or six cartridges 

 were carried side by side in a clip for this purpose. The clips were to 

 be carried in the belt or in the cartridge box. The inventors explained 

 how, for the most rapid fire, the magazine could be replaced b}' a belt 

 and the piece fired like a machine gun, and how the principles could 

 be applied to guns of all calibres. 



Edward W. Byrn, describing "The Progress of Invention in the 

 Nineteenth Century," says, 



"This idea was subsequently developed by Livermore and Russell 

 in Patent No. 230, 823, August 3, 1880, and this feature, viewed in 

 the light of the importance subsequently attained by the "clip" 

 in the Mauser and Mannlicher guns, may be fairly considered the 

 pioneer of this idea of grouping cartridges in made-up packets for bolt 

 guns. Its great advantage is the large number of shot that may be 

 fired in a short space of time without an excessive weight in the gun 

 itself." "Before the United States xVrmy Gun Board of 1882, Liver- 

 more and Russell submitted a completed gun for trial in which the 

 magazine was placed at the side of the receiver, extending downward, 

 and was arranged to be filled through a side gate at the top from a 

 cartridge package or "clip" grasped in the hand, and applied to the 

 mouth of the magazine for stripping the cartridges from the clip into 

 the magazine. This system also contemplated the use of a clip with a 

 central as well as with a side magazine.". . . . 



The gun with some changes was tested before the Army Board of 

 1892 and the Navy Board of 1895. When the inventors explained 

 that they had fired sixty aimed shots from their musket in a minute, 

 a member of one of the Boards said that that alone was enough to 

 condemn it, as even with muzzle-loaders soldiers often exhausted 

 their ammunition. 



Russell and Livermore also invented guns with straight pulling 

 bolts and with automatic action. The United States Government 

 adopted the Clip System in the construction of the musket now in 

 use, although not until many other nations following the lead of 

 Germany had already adopted it. 



General Bernhardi writing a few years ago upon how Germany 

 makes war (p. 58) says : — 



"With the adoption of small calibre and clip-magazine, as well as 



