136 THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 



more than one inch deep around the stump. The inner part of the tree 

 showed the wood perfectly sound for 30 feet, except a perpendicular hole 

 of two inches diameter in the middle of the tree, going down to the root. 

 This hole, perhaps made by squirrels, had black ants as inhabitants. The 

 two other trees are still standing. In consequence of those facts, I looked 

 around in Cambridge, and have now the suspicion that perhaps the injury 

 done to living trees may be less rare than I had supposed. If similar 

 observations are made by entomologists, I would be thankful to have 

 them communicated to me. 



ON THE RELATIONS OF FUNGI TO GALLS AND TO LARV^ 

 OF CECIDOMYIA LIVING IN GALLS. 



BY DR. FRIEDRICH THOMAS, OHRDRUF, NEAR GOTHA, GERMANY. 



[This paper, an excellent addition to an excellent American paper by 

 Mr. W. Trelease (Psyche, vol. iv., p. 195), is puWished in the Jrmischia, 

 Vol. v.. No. I, p. 4, 18S5. As it will be difficult for American students to 

 have access to this periodical, I have translated the substance. Dr. 

 Thomas has seen only the record of Mr. Trelease's paper in Botan. Cen- 

 tralblatt, xx., p. 356, by Dr. Ludwig.— H. A. Hagen.] 



Larvas of Cecidomyia living in the spore-layers of Uredinea are also 

 found in Thuringia, Germany. In fact the discovery of the community 

 in the same layer of two otherwise very different parasites is at first some- 

 what wonderful and startling. The right explanation will be a double 

 symbiosis of a phanerogamous plant and of a fungus, and of a fungus and 

 an entomozoon. Years ago I received from Gotha such larvce out of the 

 rust-fungus of Rosa. A similar manner of living is known in Germany 

 for Diplosis coniop/iaga, Winnertz, and for D. aeojiiatls, Winn. Their 

 larvae were found by F. Loew in the rust-fungus of several plants (of Verh. 

 Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien., 1874, p. 155). I am able to add two new facts. 

 I found larva of Cecidomyia on Vaccinium n/iginosum in the spore layers 

 of Thecospora Myrtillina, Karsten ( Melampsora vaccinii, Alb, et, Schn) 

 on the Beerberg in the Thueringerwald. The other one was sent to me 

 by Dr. E. Levier from Florence, Italy. The leaves of Taiiacetum balsam- 

 ita, L. (Erba'di Santa Maria) had in the Puccinia Tanaccti balsamita, 

 D. C, many small, red larvae of Cecidomyia. I am not of the opinion 



