OF ARTS AND SCIENCES: JUNE 4, 1872. 455 



University course of instruction upon metaphysics on both sides of the 

 Atlantic. In 1855, Mr. Mansel was appointed Waynflete Reader in 

 Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy, and four years afterwards, when 

 the recommendations of the University Commission took effect, he be- 

 came Waynflete Professor. Dr. Stanley's appointment as Dean of 

 Westminster having created a vacancy, Mr. Mansel was made Profes- 

 sor of Ecclesiastical History and a Canon of Christ Church ; and in 

 1869, he succeeded Dr. Milman as Dean of St. Paul's. 



In philosophy, Dean Mansel is commonly regarded both as a fol- 

 lower of Kant and as a disciple of Sir William Hamilton. This opinion 

 does him great injustice, for though he adopts Kant's premises, it is for 

 the avowed purpose of refuting Kant's conclusions; and he departs 

 widely from Hamilton, both in his theoi'y of Causation, and in his ap- 

 plication of the Philosophy of the Conditioned to an exposure of the 

 illogical character of theological rationalism and dogmatism. His 

 modesty did not allow him to do justice to his own claims as an 

 original thinker and a philosophical theologian. He seems not to have 

 been ambitious to found a school, or to establish a new philosophical 

 system. His aim was rather to rebuke the pretensions and expose the 

 shallowness of those metaphysical infidels who have endeavored to re- 

 construct the doctrines either of Spinoza, Hume, or Hegel, for the 

 avowed purpose of destroying the basis of all religious faith and hope. 

 The ablest and most scholarly refutation of such pantheistic and 

 atheistic speculations which the philosophy of the present age has fur- 

 nished can be found in the several publications of Dean Mansel. 

 Vehemently assailed as these have been by the enemies of conser- 

 vatism in philosophy and theology, they have earned for their author 

 a high place in the list which contains the honored names of Clarke, 

 Cud worth, Butler, and Berkeley. 



Charles Babbage was born in London, on the 26th of Decem- 

 ber, 1792, and, after a long life of nearly eighty years, died October 

 20, 1871. As a boy, his health was much weakened by violent 

 fevers, and, accordingly, he was sent to school near Exeter, with in- 

 structions that much study should not be required of him. Here he 

 early displayed the inquiring mind and ingenuity for which, in after 

 life, he was so eminent. In 1811 he entered Cambridge, and graduated 

 at the University in 1814. At this time the College was agitated by 

 a fierce controversy, whether it was right to add notes to the Bible, 



