133] LEPIDOPTEROUS LARVAE — FRACKER 133 



subfamiries. All of these species possess scoli, either on the head or 

 body, except some of the Apaturinae, especially Anaea. This distin- 

 guishes them from all other butterfly larvae. 



The separation from the Saturnioidea is more difficult. The ar- 

 rangement of the scoli is apparently the same in the two families but is 

 modified in different ways. In no nymphalids are mediodorsal scoli 

 limited to segments 8 and 9 when they are present at all. The genera 

 in which they are absent from the dorsomeson and in which the head 

 scoli are also absent are Euptoieta, Speyeria and Anaea. The first is 

 made conspicuous by the great development of the subdorsal scoli on 

 the prothorax, and the last by the very large head ; but no way of sep- 

 arating the species of Speyeria from those of Saturnia is known to me. 

 Unfortunately no specimens of Speyeria have been available and I am 

 compelled to rely upon Edwards' description. It is probable that the 

 head of the saturnian is much smaller, that the crochets are more regu- 

 larly biordinal, and that the anal prolegs are much larger than in 

 Speyeria. 



The work of Wilhelm Miiller (1886) on this family is a classic. It is 

 particularly notable as being the earliest scientific study of all the stages 

 of the larvae of any group. His demonstration of the fact that the scoli 

 have no relation to the primary setae is conclusive and is the reason 

 for the omission here of the nomenclature used in other parts of the 

 paper. Instead, terms are used denoting position, especially the follow- 

 ing : mediodorsal, subdorsal, supraspiracular, subspiracular, and sub- 

 ventral. Their meaning is obvious and they answer as well as symbols 

 in cases where there is but one transverse row of scoli, or other form of 

 armature, to the segment, as in this group. 



Subfamilies of Nymphalidae : 



a. Scoli always present, usually subequal in size, never five times as 

 long on mesothorax as on abdominal segments 1, 3, 5, and 6. 

 b. Mediodorsal scoli never present on abdominal segments ; head rarely 

 bearing numerous secondary setae. Argynninae 



bb. Mediodorsal scoli present on at least a few abdominal segments; 

 head usually bearing numerous secondary setae, 

 c. Abdomen bearing a ^ pair of scoli at base of each proleg similar 

 to dorsal scoli in shape, but smaller; lateral setae of all scoli 

 slender, closely placed; two mediodorsal scoli on segment 8 or 

 one each on segments 8 and 9. Melitaeinae 



cc. Abdomen bearing a single scolus or none at the base of each 

 proleg ; when present, shorter than other scoli ; lateral setae of 

 dorsal scoli stout, sparse (Fig. 74) ; only one mediodorsal sco- 

 lus on segment 8, none on segment 9 (Fig. 112). Vanessinae 



