PLAN FOR A BIOLOGICAL SURVEY OF THE PALEARCTIC 



REGION 



By Leonhard Stejneger and Gerrit S. M11.1.ER, Jr. 



CONTENTS 



Page 



Letter of transmittal ^41 



I. Introduction 241 



1. Nature of work proposed . • 241 



2. Reasons why it should be undertaken by the Carnegie Institu- 



tion 242 



3. Feasibility of the work . . 243 



4. Impossibility of carrying on the work in any other manner. . . . 244 



5. Qualifications of the writers 244 



II. Problems 249 



1. Relationship between life of northern America and northern 



Europe and Asia 249 



2. Life areas of northern Europe and Asia 249 



3. Former glaciation and its bearing on the present distribution of 



life 251 



4. Manner of expansion of faunas 251 



5. Relation of the cave fauna of Europe to existing life 252 



6. Migration of birds in northern Europe and Asia 253 



7. Origin of the present fauna of Europe 255 



8. Special problems in eastern Asia 256 



{a) Former land connection between Asia and America 256 



{b) Japan 257 



(c) Kamchatka 258 



(d) Kuril Islands . . 258 



(t?) Mainland of eastern Asia 258 



(/) Miscellaneous allied questions 259 



9. Some probable systematic results .-..., 259 



III. Method of conducting the work 260 



1 . General organization = 260 



2. Organization of field force 260 



3. Organization of office force 261 



4. Relationship to other institutions 261 



iV. Estimates of cost 262 



v. Opinions on the plan 263 



Joel Asaph ADen 263 



Theo. Gill 265 



David Starr Jordan 265 



(240) 



