GEOirOGICAL RESEARCH IN EASTERN ASIA. 279 



Wheelbarrow coolies in Shantung ; load, 150 to 200 pounds. Per day, Yz tael. 



Coolies who carry on their backs, on poles, or in " chairs ' ' ; load, 60 to 85 

 pounds. Per day, J/^ tael. 



Boats : River sampan, 3 boatmen and i passenger with baggage. Per day, 2 

 taels. Houseboat, 5 boatmen and several passengers. Per day, 6 taels. 



In all cases those employed "find" themselves, but a " kumshaw " is ex- 

 pected at the end of the ser\dce. 



The members of the Carnegie expedition were received by the 

 Chinese government as scholars representing a great institution of 

 learning, and Chinese official conditions of living were thus imposed 

 and complied with. 



With reference to safety and success, the selection of an interpreter 

 was of first importance. The employment of a Chinese of mandarin 

 rank was strongly urged by residents familiar with official life, but the 

 conditions of travel for geological research were such as to make this 

 arrangement difficult. The suggestion of an official to interpret was 

 put aside, and a "boy," Li-san, was secured upon recommendation 

 of Mr. W. S. Emens, of Tientsin, formerly judge of the criminal court 

 under the provisional government of 1900. Ivi had been a detective 

 under Mr. Emens, and afterward head boy to Generals Chaffee and 

 Howard. He served throughout the expedition with rare zeal, 

 ability, and honesty, proving himself equally competent in the daily 

 exigencies of travel, in establishing favorable relations with the 

 countrj- people, and as master of ceremonies and interpreter during 

 official visits. To his loyalty, tact, and efficiency much of the success 

 of the expedition is due. 



SUMMARY OF OPERATIONS. 



PREPARATORY. 



March 20, 1903. Letter of authority to proceed under Grant No. 72. 



May, June, Juh^ 1903- Preparations : Examination of literature, purchase of 

 equipment, establishment of diplomatic relations. 



July 27. Messrs. Willis and Blackwelder sailed for England. 



August 5 to September 5. In London, Paris, Berlin, Vienna, and St. Peters- 

 burg, completing diplomatic relations and in conference with German 

 and Russian scientists in regard to Asiatic problems. 



September 6 to 20. En route via Siberian Railway to Peking, with one day at 

 Tomsk for conference with Prof. A. W. Obrutchoff . 



September 21 to October 8. In Peking and Tientsin preparing for journey in 

 Shantung. 



FIRST TRIP, SHANTUNG. 



October 9 to 12. En route on Grand Canal by launch, Tientsin to Techou. 

 October 12 to 18. By cart, Techou to Ch'inan fu, 3 days, and 3 days at Ch'inan fu 

 in conference with officials. 



