GEOLOGICAL RESEARCH IN EASTERN ASIA. 289 



ditions permitted. Polaris was also frequently observed for azimuth. 

 The surveys in Shantung, which I executed before Mr. Sargent 

 joined the part}', lacked these checks, but were otherwise carried 

 out with plane-table and graphic triangulation b}^ the methods which 

 he employed. 



Summary of Geographic Results. — All our topographic maps are 

 on a scale of i : 90,000, with contour interval of 100 feet. 



In Shantung : Topographic maps of two special areas, by Bailey 

 Willis. The Ch'ang-hsia district, 135 square miles; the Hsin-tai 

 district, 230 square miles. These are base maps to illustrate geo- 

 logical relations and physiographic types. They are too limited to 

 have much geographic significance. In exchange for data relating 

 to names, on request of Oberlieutenant Kleeman, in charge, copies 

 were furnished the German Intelligence Department at Tientsin, to 

 be incorporated in the map of Shantung. 



In Chihli and Shansi : Topographic maps of the route from Pao- 

 t'ing fu via Wutai-shan to Tai-yuan fu, by R. H. Sargent. The area 

 represented is 250 miles long by 5 to 20 miles wide. The survey 

 was exeeuted by graphic triangulation expanded from a base line at 

 T'ang hsien, Chihli, to a second base line at Tai-yuan fu, Shansi. A 

 short stretch on the plain from Pao-t'ing fu to T'ang h'sien was 

 measured by stadia traverse, triangulation being impracticable. The 

 latitude and longitude of Pao-t'ing fu were accepted as determined 

 by the British Intelligence Branch, and all other points of the sur- 

 vey, including Wutai-shan and Tai-yuan fu, are fixed by the triangu- 

 lation with reference to this datum. Independent observations for 

 latitude serve as checks ; by means of contours the elevation and 

 form of topographic features are expressed in a manner adequate for 

 engineering plans or physiographic studies, as they have not pre- 

 viously been for any considerable area of China of which maps are 

 published. As the survey extends from the low plain at Pao-t'ing fu 

 over the mountain passes into Shansi covers much of the Wutai-shan 

 at altitudes of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, and descends into the basin of 

 Tai-yuan fu, along an old but not previously surveyed main route of 

 commerce, it is an original contribution of much value. 



In Shensi : A continuous traverse, about 375 miles long, in three 

 sections. First section : From Chou-chih hsien, in the Wei Valley, 

 across the Ch'in-ling Mountains, to Shih ch'uan-hsien, on the Han 

 River, 100 miles ; expanded from a base line by graphic triangula- 

 tion to the crest of the Ch'in-ling range and thence extended as a 

 stadia traverse, with topographic sketching, the conditions being 



