OF ARTS AND SCIENCES. 211 



3. Plato, 429, in Critias, descriptive of a former imaginary 

 condition of Athens. 4. -^schines, 380. 5. Demosthenes, 

 385. It was remarked, that, during the Macedonian and Ro- 

 man periods, the Pnyx was not used, and is only mentioned 

 incidentally, or by way of allusion. 6. Plutarch, A. D. 40, in 

 the Life of Theseus and Life of Themistocles, an anecdote 

 of the Thirty Tyrants. 7. Lucian, 120, in the Fishers. 

 8. Julius Pollux, 183. 9. Timasus, 3d century A. D., in 

 Lex. Plat. 10. Hesychius, 380. 11. Proclus, 412, Com- 

 mentary on Plato. 12. Souidas, in the eleventh century. 

 Then came the Crusaders, and the periods of the Dukes of 

 Athens, and of the Turkish domination, during which the 

 knowledge of Athenian topography almost disappeared. 



The opinions of the early modern travellers were mentioned. 

 In the seventeenth century, Spon thought it was the Areiopa- 

 gos : Wheeler, the Areiopagos or Odeion. In the eighteenth 

 century, Stuart and Revett believed it to be the Theatre of 

 Regilla. Chandler, 1765, expressed the opinion that the 

 structure was the Pnyx, or place of the popular assemblies of 

 the ancient Athenians, and from that day to a recent period no 

 doubt has been entertained that the levelled space, supported 

 below by a heavy polygonal wall, was the Pnyx, and that the 

 stone platform was the Bema, or stand on which the orators 

 took their place when they addressed the people. 



In 1836, the University of Athens was founded, and Pro- 

 fessor Ulrichs, one of the German scholars appointed to a chair 

 in the institution, began to entertain doubts of the correctness 

 of the received opinion. In 1842, Professor Welcker of Bonn, 

 one of the most eminent scholars of Europe, visited Athens, 

 and, in company with Ulrichs, went up to the Pnyx. On ex- 

 amining the place, he found reason to coincide with the impres- 

 sions of Ulrichs. Since that time he has carefully studied 

 the subject, and in 1852 published in the AhlLaiidlungen der 

 Koniglichen Academie der Wisserischaften of Berlin a very 

 elaborate dissertation, in which he embodies the results of his 

 studies, and arrives at the conclusion that the Bema is an 



