i907« Reviews. 171 



on imaginal structure to be found in the present volume. We presume 

 that this highly important branch of the subject will be discussed in 

 some of the subsequent volumes, but we cannot help feeling that its 

 absence from the introduction to the whole work is a mistake in 

 arrangement. The four chapters on eggs are admirable, and contain 

 abundance of new information ; one on the photography of these 

 beautiful objects by Mr. E. A. Tonge, wil incite man}- naturalists to turn 

 their cameras to similar use, especially after studying the folates in 

 which Mr. Tonge's work is reproduced by excellent half-tone blocks. 

 Mr. Tutt lays much stress on the form of the egg, as indicating relation- 

 ships among the L,epidoptera. He points out that the eggs of all 

 butterflies are of the "upright" type — i.e., the egg "has its micropylar 

 axis perpendicular to the surface on which it is laid, whilst its transverse 

 section almost always forms a circle, and its base is almost always 

 flattened at the point of attachment." 



The chapters on larvae, containing much interesting matter gleaned 

 from varied sources, are fascinating reading for the entomologist. The 

 facts relating to the association of caterpillars of certain lycasnid 

 butterflies with ants will be new to man}' naturalists, the ants being 

 attracted by a sweet fluid secreted by a gland on the eighth abdominal 

 segment of the larva. Most of the observations on these relations 

 between ants and caterpillars, and all those on the carnivorous habits of 

 certain butterfly larvae, have been made on exotic, not on British 

 species, so that their inclusion in this work may perhaps be open to 

 some objection. The chapters on the silk-spinning and resting habits 

 of the caterpillars, and their "protective" or "warning" coloration, 

 are concerned chiefly with British insects, exotic species being occa- 

 sionally mentioned by way of illustration. The facts brought together 

 in this section, partly from Mr. Tutt's own industrious field work, and 

 partly from his marvellously wide reading, are perhaps the most 

 generally interesting in the whole book. Although most butterfly larvae 

 spin before pupation only a pad of silk to support the tail-end of the 

 pupa, the " Skippers " and the Parnasii spin silken cocoons, and " there 

 are many intermediate stages between the coarse but slight silken 

 cocoon of the Parnasiids, in which the pupa lies loosely, and the merely 

 suspended butterfly pupa." During larval life, however, the power of 

 spinning is extensively used by many caterpillars of the butterflies, the 

 protective webs spun by the gregarious caterpillars of our common 

 vanessids being well known. The interesting notes on protective 

 coloration are illustrated by three especially good photographs. 



By far the larger part of the volume (400 pages) is devoted to the system- 

 atic account of ten species— the "Skippers" and the "Coppers." The 

 families and genera are arranged in ascending sequence, and Mr. Tutt 

 has adopted a scheme which will be approved by most serious students 

 of the ivepidoptera. The " Skippers," as the lowest group, are treated 

 first, and some 200 pages are devoted to them. Mr. Tutt revives the 

 Iyinnean Urbicola as a generic name (with comma as its type), and thinks 

 it necessary, therefore, to replace the super-family-name Hesperides by 



