104 '^^^ Irish Naturalist. July, 



cut off from that of the ground by several feet of bare trunk. 

 An examination of a dozen willows ^ave the following 

 list ; — Ranunculus acris, R. repcns, R. I'icaria, Cciniamine 

 pralcnsis, (■. sylvaiica, Acer Psciuio-plalajuis, Vicia scpiuni, 

 Trijoliuni rcpois, Spiraea Ulniaria, Rosa canina, Sanicula 

 curopaca, Chaerophyllun sylveslrc, Angelica sylveslris, 

 Oenanlhc crocaia, Hcracleiun Splwndyliiun, Hedera Helix, 

 Caliuni saxalile, Lonicera Periclymenum, Valeriana sanibiici- 

 folia, Achillea MillefoUiun, Senecio aqualicus, raraxacnrn 

 officinale, CampanvJa Trac/ieliiini, Veronica Chaniaedrys, 

 Origanuni vulgar e, Plantago lanceola'a, Fagus sylvaiica, 

 Carex sylvaiica, Fesfiica ovina, Brachy podium sylvalicum, 

 Polyp odi urn vulga re . 



2. Tidal Influence on Vegetation. 



\\'here the rise and fall caused b}' the tide is four or live 

 feet, Callha f^aluslris still abounds near the lower limit, and 

 may be seen at high tide flowering abundantly under a 

 yard of water. The flowers appear uninjured by this 

 semi-diurnal drowning, and the seed follicles were swelling. 

 Several of the plants which root on the bottom also appeared 

 to be not discommoded by these rapid fluctuations of level 

 — for instance, Nnphar luleimi and Potamogelon lucens. 

 Saline influence is first observable about two miles below 

 the " top of the tide," where the river is already very 

 muddy and estuarine, and the rise and fall almost that of 

 the full amplitude of the tide. Here Scirpits inarilimtis 

 and S. Tahernaemontani fringing the mud-banks are the 

 first halophile species to appear, growing among Caltha 

 paluslris, Runiex crispus, Alisma Planlago, and Calliirichc sp. 

 But the foreshore here exhibits no trace of marine influence 

 as regards either its flora or its fauna. 



3. Floristic Notes. 



In connection with these notes the following broad 

 features of the area should be borne in mind. The River 

 Nore, which, as far south as Thomastown (six miles N.W. 



