( 190) 



The avifauna of Hainan is, of conrse, entirely troincal, as the luouiitains of 

 the interior, thongli of considerable height,* are not so lofty as those on Formosa, 

 where a nnmber of quite palaearctic forms, snch as Carpodacus, Requlug, Cinclus 

 have been found, and evidently the Hainan Mountains, with regard to climate and 

 situation, are not jialaeiirctic enough to be the home of Northern bird forms. 



The affinity to the near mainland of South China is, of course, greatest, many 

 forms being the same as the South Chinese ones ; while, with the exception of 

 widespread birds, the forms which arc the same as those found on Formosa are 

 very few in number. 



An interesting fact is the close resemblance or idtMitity of a number of forms 

 with those inhabiting the Himalayan mountains and hills of Burma and Tenasserim. 

 See among others Nos. 13, 109, 116, 121, 122, 132, 163, 189, and 264. 



There is a marked tendency — often noticed in insular forms— in the birds of 

 Hainan to be smaller and darker than their continental allies. 



Altogether the avifauna of Hainan is a most interesting one, althongli it luul 

 been neglected all the time from Swinhoe until quite recent years. 



In my arrangement I have, with a few exceptions, followed tliat adopted by 

 Mr. Ogilvie-Grant, except that I liegan " at the wrong end," as our friend Dr. 

 Sclater calls it. My nomenclature dilfers of course a good deal from Mr. Ogilvie- 

 Graiit's, as I employ trinomials where I am aware of the existence of subs[)ecies, 

 and I have separated several forms deserving of being treated as geograpliical 

 races, though not deemed worrhy of " specific rank " by Mr. (irant. 



The ioUowing forms are named for tlie first time in this article : Turtur 

 chincnsis hainanus, Glaucidinm cuculoides persimile, (Accipiter viigatus eon/usus 

 from the Philippine Islands), Ceryle rudis insignis, Rhopodytes tristis hainanus, 

 lijngipicus scintilUccps swinhoei, Gecimis chlorigastcr longipennis, (Jrai/califs macei 

 lunivorus, (^I'gcnonotus sinensis formosae from Formosa), Turdinulus roberti 

 hainanus, Proparus brunnea (rrgutiis, Proparus nipalcnsis rufcsccntior, Tardus 

 citrinus aurimacula, Phylloscopiis goodsoiii, Acridotlieres cristatella breciprnnis, 

 and Dendrocitta sinensis insulue. 



PRINCIPAL LITERATURE ON THE BIRDS OF HAINAN. 



Swinhoe: On the Ornithology of Hainan. Ibis, l8Tii. 



Styan: Descrii)tions of New Birds from Hainan. Bull. />'. 0. Club, i. p. xix. 



Styan : On the Birds of Hainan. Jbis, 1S'.»3, p. 424. 



Ilartlaub : Ein Beitrag zur Oruithologie Chinas. Abhinidl. natitnv. ]'er. 

 Bremen, xii. 2, p. 295 (1892)^ 



Ilartlaub: Ein dritter Beitrag zur Oruithologie Chinas. Ahhundl. natiirio. 

 Ver. Bremen, xiv. 3, j). 341 (1^97). 



Ilartlaub: Nachtrilgliches zur Oruithologie (liiuas uud iusbesoudcre Hainans. 

 Abhandl. naturw. Vur. Bremen, xvi. 2, p. 24.') (1899). 



R. Ogilvie-Grant : On the Birds of Hainan. P. Z. S. 1900, p. 457. 



W. Rothschild : Descrijition of Seven New Forms. Ball. B. O. Club, xiv. p. 7 

 (1903). 



R. Ogilvie-Grant : Additions to the Avifauna of Hainan. P. Z. &. 1910. 

 This article was in press when the present article was about to appear, and 

 could therefore not be quoted by me. 



* 1 find un the map 22UO m. as tbc highest elevation, wliile twice that lieight is marked on Formosa. 



