( 496 ) 



two goiiera had been in use for only two siiecios, Forster iiuludes ;ill his nine 

 species nniler one geneiic name, and that a new one, Ajitfiioih/tvg. The first sjiccies 

 was separated from the remaining eight, and therefore miglit be assumed to be 

 either typical or atypical ; but, as showing how artificial the separation was, it is 

 now accepted tliat this first species is identical with one of the other eight. 



In ITSfj Scopoli, in the Del. Flor. ft Iuikii. IiikiiI). vol. ii. j). 91, recorded some 

 Penguins, and, after the fashion of those times, introduced a new generic name, 

 Ajiteroflita, and also altered the specific names. 



Gmelin in the Xlllth Edition of the Si/xtema Naturae, 178S, accepted Forster's 

 generic name, which he also spelt Apti-iio<l>ftn on the same page (p. So.j). Forstcr 

 in the Enchiritlion p. 38, 1788, included Aptr/wih/ti's. Latham in the liirkx Oniith. 

 ii. p. 878, 1700, utilized Forster's name, whilst Bounaterre in the Tabl. Enc. Method. 

 Ornith. p. Ixxxiv and p. 66, 1791, spelt it Aptenodita and Ajjtenodi/ta. 



In 1793 Shaw {Lcreriini Aft/scum p. 144. pi. 35) figured Forster's A. p'tta- 

 ckonica as the type of a new genus, I'ingitinaria. 



In 1796 Miller's plates were published "with Descriptions by George Shaw," 

 and though the plates (xxiii, xsxiv, xl, xlix) are lettered as Aptniodi/tes species, 

 the text (pp. 45, 67, 78, and 92) calls them Pixguinaria species. 



From the jirecoding it will be seen that no one attempted to classify the 

 Penguins or to subdivide Forster's genus, but simply to replace older names with 

 their own. 



Lacejiede in 1799 (7«i/. Oiseatu-, p. 14) had only recognized Aptrnodi/tt's, as did 

 lUiger {Prodromui p. 285) in 1811. The first autlior I have discovered to sub- 

 divide Aptenodijtes is Vieillot {Anah/se p. 67, 1816), wlio indicated a new genus, 

 Eiidi/ptcs, covering two sections, typified by Manchot des Hottentots (= D. demersa 

 Linne) and Sauteur, Enffon. 



Aptenodipi'.i restricted he exemplified by Ajit. impna (tiu. Lath. Endijptes is 

 shown to be a misprint on p. 70 for Eudi/ptca. 



Shonld not .1. papua be recognized as the typo of Aptenodi/tes? I do not see 

 how any other species can be chosen. 



In 1817 t'nvier {linjiie Aidmal vol. i. ji. 512, 1M7) ^\\\\i\i}\ Apteiwdi/tes \nU) 

 three, restricting Aptenodi/tes to species like pataxjonica Gm., and reviving Catar- 

 rhactes (ex Brisson) for chnjsocoma Gm. and Spliciiiscus (ex Brisson) for demersa 

 Gm. Therefore Catarrhactes Cuv. equals Peiiguinus Briinn., and Spheniscus Cnv. 

 is the same as Sphcniitciis Briinn. 



In ls20 Temrainck (^[fn^. Oniitli. vol. i. pp. cxii, cxiii, ls2ii) retained Aptc- 

 iwdijtex for the patachonica group and Sphem!<rii.s (ex l>risson) for 1>. drmersa 

 Linne, classing therewith A. minor Forster. 



In 1826 Stephens (Shaw's Gen. Zool. vol. xiii. pt. 1. pp. 54 et gcrj.) introduces 

 a further complication, by restricting Aptcnodi/tes to the patagonica species and 

 utilizing Sphfiiiscus for the I), demersa group, and then proposing a new genus, 

 Clin/ifocoma, for the unallotted species. As his first species of this latter group 

 is r/(;v/.'(w-o/«e Forstcr, by tantonyray it is acceiited as type, and hence Cliri/.soroma 

 becomes an absolnte synonym of Pengiiinn.H. 



Lesson, Manuel dUkiutli. ii. p. '-Wr, (182«), accepted ('uvier's divisions, 

 designating Aptenodijtes demersa Gm. as type of ,Sp/icni.%-us Brisson, Cnvier ; 

 and .1. palnffonica Gm. as type of Aptei>od>/tes Forster. 



In 1832 Wagler (/.s/.s p. 281, 1832) created iuiother new genus, Pi/go.-<relis, for 

 the species Aptenodijtes papua Forster. 



