190 



WILLEY. 



pods, — the best example of a monotypic plankton. Damas adds 

 very pertinently that the determination of areas of reproduction is 

 the first sure step in the study of marine productivity. 



The males of C. hyperboreus have only been met with in com- 

 paratively recent years and there was no expectation that they would 

 ever be found in the waters of the maritime pro\'inces of Canada, 

 because their proper province lies in high latitudes. According to 

 Damas, the Copepod plankton of the blue water of the Polar Current 

 to the northeast of Iceland is a C. hyperboreus plankton; that of the 

 central part of the Norwegian sea is a Pseudocalanus plankton; that 

 over the coastal banks of Norway is a Temora plankton; and the 

 bathypelagic plankton of the Norwegian sea is a Evchacia plankton. 

 In the C. hyperboreus plankton of the Norwegian stations northeast 

 of Iceland in May and June 1904, there was a majority of juniors, 

 some females, but not one male. The absence of large eggs in the 

 oviducts and of larvae in the sea, as well as the absence of males, 

 showed that the species was not reproducing there at that season. In 

 gatherings taken by Captain Amundsen near Francis Joseph Land, 

 the great nauplius and the metanauplius of this species were found 

 by Damas to abound in company with opacpe females gravid with 

 eggs and with some males which, as mentioned, were totally absent 

 from the Icelandic plankton. 



Nordgaard (1905) found males of C. hyperboreus in deep water in 

 the Ofoten Fjord and vicinity (between 68° and 69° N. lat.) and con- 

 cluded that the spawning season for this species in the northern fjords 

 lies in the months of February, March and April. If this is so there 

 must be two broods in the year. The captures were the following: 



Damas and Koefoed (1907) state that the spawning of C. hyperboreus 

 was observed by VanhofYen (1897) off the west coast of Greenland, but 

 I have not had access to Vanhoffen's article and do not know whether 

 he recorded the males. In the cruise of the "Belgica" promoted by 



