.",44 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



carefully insisted by the English crown that the Rolls preserve at least 

 rive letters to the sheriff of Norfolk regarding their conviction. 80 As 

 late as 1303 clerks from Nidaros traded at the Lynn market, 81 and in 

 1316, after the commercial rupture, 82 the men of Elanus, Archbishop 

 of Xidaros, obtained royal leave to trade in England for one year. 83 



Archbishops of Nidaros came to England in person, and on business 

 other than trade. Eystein did not spend his three years peddling dried 

 fish or filling his hold with corn. In all probability he studied ecclesi- 

 astical institutions, engaged in church politics for the advantage of his 

 see, and secured English clerks to accompany him to Norway, and 

 English artisans and materials for the construction of his cathedral. 

 Again, England, until 1290, seems to have been the favorite route to 

 Rome, 84 and every archbishop had to go to the pope to receive his 

 pallium. In the thirteenth century ten archbishops were conse- 

 crated. 85 Archbishop Guttorm chose the English route in 1215, se- 

 curing from King John a safe-conduct for himself a/nd his men. 86 

 Peter of Housesteads, the next archbishop, returned via England, and 

 tarried there during the summer of 1225. 87 



Oslo. — Bishop Nicholas of Oslo sent, in 1213, an envoy with presents 

 of hawks and gerfalcons to King John, 88 who in return sent several 

 casks of wine to the bishop. 89 



About 1303 the Bishop of Oslo was exporting to England. 90 



Stavanger. — The first bishop of Stavanger was an Englishman, 

 and the cathedral was dedicated to St. Swithun, patron of Winchester 

 in England. 91 In 1264 Master Adam, Canon of Stavanger, brought to 



80 R. L. C, II, 156 b, 158 b, 162 b, 167 b, 174 a. 



81 A. Bugge, Byers Selvstyre, pp. 135 ff., 200 ff. 



82 In 1312. Cf. A. Bugge, Handelen, pp. 68 ff. 



83 Rymer, II, 285. 



84 See below, under "Papal Messengers." 



i I do not know of a single archbishop before 1290 of whom it can be 

 shown that he did not go via England. 



6 H. I,. P., p. 180 a, dated May 12. Archbishop Thorer died August 8, 1214. 

 Munch (111, 558, 567; so Keyser, I, 336), who does not know this letter, shows 

 that Guttorm probably attended the council at Rome, November 11-30, 1215. 

 In that case, this letter was secured by Guttorm on his way to Rome, and 

 made to read so that he could use it on his return, "in eundo per totam po- 

 testatem domini Regis et transfretando ad partes suas." There is no time limit. 



' Pat. Rolls, 1216-1225, p. 542; Hakonar Saga, chaps. 100, 130. 



88 R. L. C, I, 156 b. 



89 Ibid., I, 138 b. 



90 A. I'-ugge, Byers Selvstyre, pp. 135 ff., 200 ff. 



above, p. 534. Munch (II, 615 ff.) argues for a connection between 

 Stavanger and Winchester; the first bishop, he believes, was a member of the 

 \\ inchester chapter-house. In this connection it is of interest that the crown 





