154 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



name. To this it might be rejoined that perhaps the use of the name 

 did not at once become common, and that the absence of it here in Vi- 

 truvius points to a date soon after the name was conferred in 27 B. c 

 But we need not have recourse to this argument ; for what are the 

 facts about the use of this name by persons who were speaking or writ- 

 ing to Augustus and employing, as Vitruvius does, the vocative case ? 

 The answer is that we know very little about the matter, 15 for we 

 have very little evidence upon which to base a conclusion. We know 

 that Valerius Messala once addressed him in the Senate with the 

 words Caesar Auguste (Suet. Aug. 58). We find Auguste once in 

 Horace in a formal public ode (4, 14, 3), but Caesar in an ode equally 

 formal and public, and published at the same time as the other (4, 15, 4). 

 In view of this, what is to be thought of Ussing's contention that in 

 one of his Epistles (2, 1, 4) Horace as an intimate friend may quite 

 suitably use Caesar, his family name? If we turn to Propertius, we 

 find Auguste twice (3, 10, 15; 5, 6, 38), and never Caesar in the 

 vocative. This might seem to support Ussing's theory. But we must 

 not forget Ovid. In the longest poem of the Tristia he has Auguste 

 once (2, 509), but Caesar in the vocative five times (27; 209; 323; 

 551; 560). He uses Auguste in only one other passage in his works 

 (M. 1, 204), but he has Caesar in the vocative seven times besides 

 those already mentioned in the Tristia (F. 2, 637; Tr. 3, 1, 78 ; 5, 5, 61, 

 all three in prayers, which are formal things; Tr. 4, 2, 47; 5, 11, 23; 

 P. 2, 7, 67; 4, 9, 128). This is all the evidence that I have been able 

 to find. 16 It is little enough, and it includes only one prose example, 

 but we must remember how small is the amount of Augustan prose 

 that has survived to us. In view of it all, we are not entitled to criticise 

 Vitruvius for using Caesar instead of Auguste. Elsewhere he addresses 

 his patron six times with the vocative Caesar (11, 1; 83, 18; 104, 22; 

 133, 6; 158, 8; 218, 13), and five times with the vocative imperator 

 (32, 22; 64, 16; 83, 13; 103, 1; 243, 19). In our preface he com- 

 bines the two in imperator Caesar. His patron had been an imperator 

 ever since 43 or 42 b. c. (cf. Cic. Phil. 14, 28, and 37; CIL. 9, 2142), 

 and long after the name Augustus was given to him his inscriptions 

 regularly begin with the words imperator Caesar. It seems perfectly 

 natural that he should be addressed in this way by one who had served 

 in the army. But can the word imperator as thus used be translated 



!5 It has been briefly treated by Friedlander, S. G. 2, 557 (sixth edition), but 

 he does not include Ovid and Propertius in his examination. 



16 It may be interesting to note that Martial addresses the reigning emperor 

 of his day as Auguste nine times and as Caesar fifty-one times; cf. Fried- 

 lander's edition, 2, index, p. 371. 





