534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



niody." u Geoffrey of Durham, in his Life of Bartholomew the 

 Anchorite of Fame, states that, when a youth, Bartholomew, 12 

 " fastidiosus novitatum aniator," visited Norway, where he became a 

 priest, refused an offer of marriage, and, after three years, returned to 

 England. 13 



In 1107 King Sigurd, with sixty ships and about 10,000 men, by 

 permission of Henry I, spent the winter in England, on his way to the 

 ( 'nisades. 14 " The sons of the last Magnus, Hasten and Siward," 

 says William of Malmesbury, "yet rule conjointly, having divided the 

 empire : the latter, a seemly and spirited youth, shortly since went to 

 Jerusalem, by the route of England, performing many famous exploits 

 against the Saracens." 15 



In 1135 the first bishop of Stavanger, in Norway, an Englishman, 

 was executed by King Harald Gilli. According to the sagas, " Bishop 

 lleinald of Stavanger, who was an Englishman, was considered as very 

 greedy of money. He was a great friend of King Magnus, and it was 

 thought likely that a great treasure and valuables had been given into 

 his keeping." Harald tried to make him surrender his funds, but " the 

 bishop declared he would not thus impoverish his bishop's see, but 

 would rather offer his life. On this they hanged the bishop on 

 the holm." 16 



About 1146 English monks founded two Cistercian abbeys, in 

 Norway. 17 



In 1152 an Englishman, Nicholas Breakspeare, reorganized the Nor- 

 wegian church under its own metropolitan see at Nidaros (Trond- 

 hjem). 18 Breakspeare was at that time Cardinal Archbishop of Albano ; 

 so the pope chose for this Scandinavian mission the man most likely 



11 Symeon of Durham (Rolls ed.), II, 202-204. Turgot returned to Eng- 

 land, became a monk in Durham, and later Bishop of St. Andrews (see 

 index to above ed. of Symeon). 



8 He lived in the twelfth century; Ms dates are uncertain. See Symeon of 

 Durham (Rolls), I, 295. 



13 Symeon of Durham (Rolls), I, 298. 



14 William of Malmesbury, Gesta Regum Anglorum (Rolls), II, 318-319; 

 Heimskringla, Sig. Eyst. 01., chap. 3; Fagrskinna (Munch-Unger, ed.), chap. 



15 John Sharpe's Irans., London, 1815. 



16 Heimskringla, Saga of Magnus the Blind and Harald Gille, chap. 8 

 (Laing trans.). 



17 Below, pp. 540, 542. 



i I'.efore this, since 1103, Lund had been the archbishop's seat for all 



dinavia. I n.ler Nidaros were ten bishoprics, four in Norway, two in 



Iceland, and one each for Greenland, Sodor and Man, the Orkneys, and the 



I ;i'l 



