LEACH. — NORWEGIAN AND ENGLISH CHURCHES, 1060-1399. 543 



was Lawrence who brought the mission to a successful issue. He was 

 an Englishman by birth, and later returned to England, and became 

 abbot of Hovedo's mother abbey, Kirksted. 70 In this case, certainly, 

 an English abbey continued intimate relations with her offspring in 

 Norway for at least one hundred years. 



The Five Norwegian Bishops and Cathedral Chapters. Their 



Interests in England. 



The archbishops of Nidaros (Trondhjem) and the bishops of the 

 four dioceses of Oslo, Stavanger, Hamar, and Bergen kept in frequent 

 contact with England, either in person or through their cathedral 

 chapters. 



The archbishops of Nidaros enjoyed extraordinary trade rights in 

 England. Henry II, Richard I, John, and Henry III each gave a 

 license to the church of Nidaros, the archbishop and his successors, 

 every year, whether fertile or not, to load one ship in England with 

 corn and provisions, without challenge or exaction, and to take it to 

 Norway to the church. 71 This privilege was perhaps first gained by 

 Archbishop Eystein, during his visit in England (1180-1183). It was re- 

 newed in 1203, 72 1222, 73 and 1241. 74 Ships belonging to the Archbishop 

 of Nidaros are mentioned in the English Rolls in 1223, 75 1225, 76 1226, 77 

 1233, 78 and 1236, 79 — presumably in addition to the "one a year" al- 

 lowed by the license. The punishment of Englishmen who, in 1226, 

 robbed a ship at Hull belonging to the Archbishop of Nidaros, was so 



70 Matt. Paris, Chronica Majora (Rolls Series), V, 222: "Per manum 

 domini Laurentii, abbatis postea de Kirkestude in Lindeseia, qui totum illud 

 negotium Romam pergens effectui mancipavit, Anglicus natione et ordinem 

 professus Cisterciensem." 



71 " Rex justiciario, vicecomitibus, et omnibus baillivis suis Anglie et por- 

 tuum maris, salutem. Sciatis nos, pro amore Dei et ad peticionem G. Nidero- 

 siensis archiepiscopi, concessisse Niderosiensi ecclesie et ipsi G. archiepiscopo, 

 et suecessoribus suis, ut singulis annis usque ad etatem nostram, sive fuerit 

 tempus fertilitatis vel non fuerit, unam navem faciant honerari blado et victu- 

 alibus in Anglia sine omni occasione et exactione et duci in Norwegiam ad 

 ecclesiam suam, et prohibemus ne inde disturbentur." Pat. Rolls, 1216-1225, 

 p. 338. 



72 Rotuli Chartarum, p. 110 b. 



73 Pat. Rolls, 1216-1225, p. 338 



74 Ibid., 1232-1247, p. 259. 



75 R. L. C, I, 559 a. 



76 Pat. Rolls, 1216-1225, p. 542. 



77 R. L. C, II, 139 a. 



78 Two ships, Close Rolls, 1231-1234, p. 242. 



79 Pat. Rolls, 1232-1247, p. 144. 



