556 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



during our period are slight indeed, and do not complicate the Anglo- 

 N i >™ ( sgian connection. These countries leaned upon Germany and, at 

 times, upon France. 



After 1290. The French Period. 



There must always have been some reaction, however indirect, from 

 France upon the church in Norway. The archbishops went to receive 

 the pallium from the pope. Other Norwegians visited Rome. Mes- 

 sengers came to Norway from the papal court. When we know their 

 route, it is almost always through France and England. 180 In England 

 they tarried long. 181 



An idea prevails that Norsemen flocked to the University of Paris. 

 The list of these students begins and ends with Bishop Thorlak, the Ice- 

 lander. From 1100 to 1250 I know of only one West Scandinavian 

 who studied in Paris. He is our friend Thorlak, who has been multi- 

 plied into a legion. Thorlak stayed in Paris " as long as he thought 

 needful to get the knowledge which he wished to get there." To Lin- 

 coln he went to complete his education, and to acquire " great knowl- 

 edge." 182 This does not prove Lincoln was the better school, but it 

 does show how Icelanders felt about it. 



In the second half of the thirteenth century, some extended sojourn 

 in France can be conjectured. In 1254 Einar Gunnarsson, when chosen 

 archbishop, was in Paris, and men were sent out to seek him. 183 In 

 1271 Archbishop John, Bishop Askatin of Bergen, and Bishop Andrew 

 of Oslo, attended the general council at Lyons. 184 



From such scant evidence we cannot infer any considerable influence 

 from France upon the Norwegian church, except as it came through 

 Anglo-Norman England. 



After 1290 185 all is changed. The records of Norwegian clerics in 

 England become meagre, and those for France plentiful. 



Hist. Univ. Paris, 1665, esp. II, 385; Fr. Hammerich, En Skolastiker, 1865). 

 In the succeeding century tins influence continued, broken, of course, at times 

 by the church in Cermany. The clergy of Norway and Denmark do not seem 

 to have been on cordial terms. 



180 Above, pp. 548 IT. 



181 Sabina, for instance, spent four months. England, before 1290, seems 

 to have been the base of papal attack on Norway. 



182 Above, p. 548. 



183 Hakonar Saga, chap. 281. 



184 Arna BiskUps S., chap. 14. 



185 There is no charm about this date. It is, on the whole, the most con- 

 venient. In this year died Margaret, "the Maid of Norway," who was to 

 unite Scotland and Kngland. 



