o58 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



time for study. John Halldorsson, a Dominican friar in Bergen, who 

 went out to Iceland (in 1332) as Bishop of Skalholt, and died on a 

 visit to Bergen (in 1339), studied in his youth in Paris and Bologna. 

 In Iceland he introduced foreign romantic tales accumulated in student 

 days. 198 In 1307 an Upsala canon, a student at Orleans, made his 

 will ; among the witnesses was one Alfinn, a canon of Hamar in 

 Norway. 199 In 1309 two of the twelve canons of Bergen were study- 

 ing in Paris. 200 Soon after this, Paul Bardsson, then a canon in 

 Bergen, but later archbishop (1333-1346), studied in Paris and Or- 

 leans. 201 In 1317 Olaf Eindrideson went as a student to Paris. In 

 1 .". 16 Sira Einar Haflithason spent " some time" in Paris. 202 



Against this array the records have little to offer in the way of 

 Anglo-Norwegian relations in the fourteenth century.203 The pendu- 

 lum has swung to France. 



Conclusion. 



From England Norway received Christianity. Its church was estab- 

 lished by English bishops who went thither in the eleventh century. 

 A century and a half later an Englishman reorganized this church and 

 set it apart as an independent province. 



Founded by Englishmen, the Norwegian church continued to depend 

 upon England. The Norman Conquest apparently did not break the 

 chain. English clerics continued to go to Norway to teach and reform 

 and make new establishments. The first two Cistercian monasteries 

 in Norway were founded by English monks who went from Fountains 

 to Lyse (1146), and from Kirksted to Hovedo (? 1147). At least one 

 subsequent abbot of Hovedo, Lawrence (c. 1246) was an Englishman. 

 In 1247 the Benedictine order in Norway, seeking reform, called upon 

 Matthew of St. Albans, a monk in England. The secular clergy also 

 drew leaders from the English. The first bishop of Stavanger (1135) 

 was an Englishman. So was Bishop Martin of Bergen (1194). 



English clerks were also sought by the Norwegian kings for personal 

 service, as teachers, secretaries, or envoys to foreign lands. Turgot 



3 See introd. to Clari Saga, ed. Cederschiold in Saga-Bibliothek. 



199 Dipl. Sv., 1557; Munch, IV, 2, 474, note 2. 



200 Dipl. Norv., VI, No. 72; Munch, ibid. 



201 Munch, ibid. 



202 Icelandic Annals. 



! I have used all my fourteenth-century English material under the 

 thirteenth century, li ends with the murder of the Abbot of Lyse in 1337, and 

 t lie complaint of the Bishop of Bergen, the following year, that wine no longer 

 came from England. 



