LANMAN. — PALI BOOK-TITLES. G69 



texts — those which are most often quoted — marked with a single 

 letter that is easy for scholars to identify." 



Citations in antiquity. The Greeks. — Herodotus, speaking (at ii. 

 116) of the wanderings of Paris, cites Homer's mention of them, and 

 cites it, not as occurring "at Iliad vi. 289-292," but as occurring "in 

 the exploits of Diomede," iv Aio/^Seos apio-Tciy. Thucydides (at i. 9), 

 to prove Agamemnon's power at sea, cites a line of Homer, not as 

 occurring "at Iliad ii. 108," but as occurring " in the handing down 

 of the sceptre." Lucian, in one of his very frequent references to 

 Homer (at Charon, § 7), speaks of KufcAon/r, meaning by that word the 

 last part of what is now called book ix. of the Odyssey. Indeed, for 

 citing Homer, the titles (eViypa<jW) of what are now books or parts of 

 books were often used in antiquity (see Aelian, Varia historia, xiii. 14). 

 We might still cite Iliad xxi. as ndxn irapaTrordfLios, and the last part 

 of Odyssey xii. as /3oes 'HXlov ; but all this is too cumbrous and lacking 

 in precision for modern technical works. 



Citations in antiquity. The Hindus. — One of the Commonest ways 

 of referring to the ancient texts is by the phrase " Because it says thus 

 and so in the Sacred "Word," iti gruteh. So iti mantra varnat. Certain 

 hymns of the Rig-veda have traditional names (made from their open- 

 ing words) by which they are cited. Thus, x. 9 is the Apohisthiya ; and 

 the Aitareya-aranyaka (at p. 37, ed. Bibl. Ind.) speaks of i.165 as the 

 Kayaijubhlya. The Kaugika-sutra (at 47.12) refers to Atharva-veda 

 ii. 12 as " Bharadvaja's cleaver." In the commentary to the Vedanta- 

 sutras, Qarjkara's citations from older texts are simply multitudinous. 6 

 They imply a stupendous knowledge of memorized texts which rises far 

 above the necessity (under which we Occidentals labor) of " looking the 

 passage up." 7 Hence his references are commonly vague, 8 and made 

 with a simple cruyate or smaryate. It suffices him to cite a certain 

 text, now (as at iii. 2 41 ) by the familiar title Bhagavad-glta, and now 

 (at ii. 3 45 ) by the title Ic,vara-glta. But at iii.l 17 , for instance, with 

 more precision than usual, he cites the famous question " Knowest thou 

 how it is that the other world does not become overfilled 1 " (Ch. up. 

 v. 3 8 ) as occurring in the "Doctrine of the Five Fires." 9 This vast 



6 Over 2500, I judge; see Deussen's System des Vedanta, Citaten-Index. 



7 Cp. my Notes on the Externals of Indian Books, in Hertel's Panchatan- 

 tra, HOS. xi., pp. xix. end, xxi. 



8 See Deussen, ibid., p. 30. 



9 The old Bibliotheca Indica ed. does not give the precise references, but 

 they are most conveniently given by the admirable new ed. of Dhupakar and 

 Bakre (Bombay, 1904), and I mention this fact as showing that European 

 needs are coming to be considered in India, and as well illustrating the pro- 

 gressive attitude of the Nirnaya Sagara Press. 



