550 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY. 



the Martyr." 140 As late as 1309 one of the canons of Bergen 

 Cathedral was setting out tD perform his vow to "Saint Thomas in 

 England." 141 . 142 



- Clerks and laymen also came through England on their way to the 

 Holy Land. We have seen how Sigurd and his host spent a winter 

 in England as guests of Henry I. In 1215-1216 King Inge sent ships 

 crusading, and in 1217 other Norwegians joined the fleet which 

 uibled off the Netherlands and touched at Dartmouth on the way 

 to Acre. 143 One crusader of this year — called in the saga "Hroar, 

 the king's kinsman," and in the English Rolls " Roherus, relative of 

 the King of Norway " — secured safe-conduct in the name of Henry III 

 while waiting over in England. Presumably he spent the winter 

 there. 144 In the thirties, Duke Skuli was intending to pass through 

 England, for (July 29, 1233) Henry III issued letters of " safe-conduct 

 for Sverri, Duke of Norway, going on pilgrimage to the land of 

 Jerusalem, until his return;" 145 and again (June 22, 1235) "safe- 

 conduct until Michaelmas, 20 Henry III, for the Duke of Norway 

 passing through England on pilgrimage to the Holy Land. 146 



Papal Legates and messengers passing between Norway and the 

 pope, sometimes tarried weeks and months in England. Before 1290 

 there were two principal routes from Norway to Rome, — one through 

 Germany, 147 which was often impracticable, the other via England and 

 France. 148 The archbishops of Nidaros who went south before 1290 



140 Rymer, I, 205; Pat. Rolls, 1225-1232, p. 485. 



141 Dipl. Norv.. VI, No. 72. 



142 I suspect that some royal letters to the sheriffs of Canterbury concern 

 pilgrims. In 1J55 the sheriff of Canterbury paid 3s. to "envoys of the king 

 of Norway" (Great Rolls of the Pipe, 1155-1158, p. 15); in 1223 Henry III 

 ordered the sheriff of Canterbury to pay 20s. etc., to Norwegian envoys 

 (R. L. C, I, 562 a). 



143 Munch, III, 569, 594. 



144 Hakonar Saga, chap. 30; Pat. Rolls, 1216-1225, p. 103. 



145 Pat. Rolls, 1232-1247, p. 21. 



146 Rymer, I, 218; Pat. Rolls, 1232-1247, p. 109. 



r Forty-six days from Aalvorg in Denmark to Rome, according to the 

 Icelandic Itinerary of Abbot Nicholas (c. 1194) (Werlauff's Symbolae ad 

 Geogr. Medii Aevi, |>|>. 15-22). This route involved Danish jealousies, Saxon 

 robbers, and the passion of German princes for locking up strangers found in 

 their woods. Some Norwegians, in 1251, learned this to their sorrow (Ha- 

 konar Saga, chap. 275). 



1 I have yet to find a ship between 1150 and 1350 which went direct 

 from Norway to France, or vice versa, without stopping in England. The 

 traveller from France sailed to one of the Cinque Ports (e.g., Rouen to Dover), 

 and travelled overland to some eastern port like Lynn, which communicated 

 with Norway (e. g., Cardinal of Sabina, below). 





