152 PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY 



Other hand, is a ricli purple-black, with no trace of fulvous, but with 

 the space where it belDiigs occupied on the fore wings by three rows 

 of white spots and dashes, and on the hind wings by two belts of blue, 

 broken into spots, one of the belts narrow, the other exceedingly broad. 

 In Erora lata (Edw.), the male is wholly brown, with a border of 

 deep blue on a 23oi'tion of the hind wings ; while in tiie female, the 

 blue has extended so as to cover almost all the hind wings, and even 

 the base of the fore wings. But it is in the Coppers ( Villicantes) that 

 this ph(?nomen<)ii is most common. Here the females are usually of a 

 fulvous color heavily spotted with black, and particularly noticeable 

 for their conspicuous broad dark border, and a row of spots crossing 

 the wing beyond the middle ; while the males are either of some dark- 

 brown shade with a purplish gloss, or of a fiery hue, almost always 

 without any border or spots. 



Now in all these cases of colorational antigeny, it is the female, and 

 never the male, which first departs from the normal type of coloring 

 of the group to which the species belongs. Occasionally the feminine 

 peculiarity has been transmitted to the male, and, by this means, a new 

 type of coloration estal)lished in the group ; but I recall no case where 

 the male alone departs from the general type of coloring pecidiar to the 

 group. This is precisely the opposite conclusion to that wliicli Darwin 

 reached. He gives several examples on the authority of Bates, which 

 certainly favor his conclusion, but may, at the same time, be explained 

 from the opposite point of view. He gives other examples from the 

 European blue butterflies, which not only do not support, but even 

 oppose, his general statement. 



Take the case of Semn. Diana, than which we could hardly find a 

 stronger, since the group {Dnjades) to which it belongs is remarkably 

 uniform, exhibiting in all its numerous membei's the same character- 

 istic play of fulvous and black markings. Tiie male of S. Diana is 

 indeed very unlike most otlier fritillaries, but it retains, nevertheless, 

 abundant traces of the same style of ornamentation, and has precisely 

 the same colors, while the female departs widely from the charac- 

 teristic features of ornamentation, and, in addition, loses every trace 

 of fulvous, so that no one at first glance woidd recognize it as a 

 member of the group. Take again Earyinus Philodice and its 

 allies. In some species, indeed, there are only pale females ; but in 

 others all, or most of the females, are yellow or orange, like the males ; 

 and any one who knows how yellow and orange tints prevail through- 

 out the group of Fugacia will acknowledge that the color of the males 

 is normal. So too with the Blues {^Adolescentes),\\\\\(A\ Larwiu him- 



