THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGIST. 167 



The neuration of Ausonidcs olympia^ coloradensis, Jiyantis and creusa 

 is of a type differing from any British species, but falling intermediate 

 between Euchloc (where 6-9* are on a stalk) and Leticophasia (where 

 6-1 1* are on a stalk), since Mr. Dyar describes tliem as having 6-10 on a 

 stalk. It agrees, however, exactly with that of the European sj^jccies belia 

 which I note as follows : — " It differs from 

 Etichloc'xw as much as that part of the cell norm- 

 ally between the bases of 6 and 8 (agreeing 

 with my nomenclature, p. 47), is contracted to 

 a point, and consequently 6 starts almost from 

 base of 8 ; 10 also starts beyond the cell." It^ 

 would appear, therefore, that this group of 

 AmericanAnthocharids will fall in generically Fig. 17. 



•1 7 ;• ri-.. .• err- u Nomenclature following that used 



With beiia. I he neuration of belia may be iiy Mr. Dyar. 



figured thus (Fig. 17) : 



It. is evident that the primitive lepidopterous pupa was one which had 

 a considerable amount of free movement. Dr. Chapman, whose excellent 

 work on this subject should be read by all lepidopterists ( Vide Trans. 

 Ent. Soc, Lo7i., 1893, Ent. Record, 1894, p. 25), has come to the con- 

 clusion that those pupae which are the most solidified and have the fewest 

 number of moveable segments are characteristic of the highest developed 

 species, so far as the term " highest " refers to the greatest amount of 

 differentiation which has been undergone from the ptimitive type. In 

 this particular it will be seen that if we take the white butterflies or 

 Pierince and consider the groups Pieridi and Anthocharidi the latter are 

 much more specialised than the former, for, whilst most of the pupae of the 

 Pieridi have two moveable abdominal segments (5 & 6), when we 

 examine Euchloc cardammes and Leucophasia sinapis we find the move- 

 ment entirely gone and the pupa solid. 



It is also worthy of note that this development of the pupa on which 

 Dr. Chapman relies so strongly is accompanied in these two groups, so 

 far as I have been able to learn, by an increased complexity of neuration, 

 caused, if I may say so, by a gradual atrophy of the discoidal cell, and so 

 gradual and continuous are the proofs of these developments that there 

 seems no real reason for the separation of the two groups which appear 

 to form a true and comprehensive whole. 



The simplest form of neuration we get in our British species of white 



