LIVERMORE. — DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 33 



Hence the fear is not ungrounded that, under the present system, we 

 cannot look for as much progress in the future as in the past. 



In the reaction against wild speculation we should not go so far as to 

 lose sight of the object of our work. Our predecessors built towers on 

 such narrow foundations that they blew over. We have seen their 

 trouble and have dug the foundations for a more stable edifice ; and since 

 the confusion of tongues, we have still been working along, cutting stone, 

 dressing and polishing it, laying a few courses, and putting up scaffolding. 

 But most of the stone is still in the quarries ; it has yet to be handled ; 

 the building is to be erected ; but the roads are bad ; railroads and 

 derricks are required, for we have now only hammers and chisels, 

 and the quarries are so congested with stone that it must soon be 

 removed. 



To make co-operation effective, means must be devised by which the 

 raw material may be handled, not only by the specialists, who have 

 accumulated it, but also by all others working in allied sciences. 



I do not refer to attempts to popularize science by presenting the 

 shadow rather than the substance. All results, everything that is known, 

 must be presented in such form as to be intelligible with the least 

 ex23enditure of mental effort. 



Neither do I refer to the instruction of youth, although I think that 

 some of the methods required to build up science could also be applied 

 to education. 



The science and art of co-operative thought have yet to be created. 

 System and tools must be invented both for the science and for the art. 

 The nineteenth century has produced machinery for manufacture. The 

 twentieth century will produce machinery for thinking. We can now 

 only surmise what these methods and tools will be, but it is time to 

 consider, and it is the duty of all interested in the Arts and Sciences 

 to suijgest. 



The methods now employed for handling facts and principles are : — 



First, making the human brain a kind of receptacle and pumping into 

 it a little information during a short period of tutelage. 



Secondly, consulting Encyclopaedias and Libraries. 



Thirdly, consulting professional experts. 



These methods are insufficient. If the engineer has to make some 

 new application of the principles of physics, is it convenient for him to 

 read through volume after volume written in foreign and occult lan- 

 guages, tempered with mathematical hieroglyphics that conceal rather 

 than express the author's meaning ? Or must he renew the experiments 



VOL. XXXIII. — 3 



