LIVERMORE. — DEVELOPMENT OF THE ARTS AND SCIENCES. 41 



upon the useful arts and the sciences. The same methods can be em- 

 ployed to investigate and communicate the principles on which they are 

 founded. 



Sculpture and Painting are addressed to the eye. 



Sculpture is expressed in three dimensions of space. In contemplating 

 a beautiful figure, we see and feel what we cannot express in sentences. 



Painting is expressed in two dimensions, and through the medium of 

 form and color impresses upon the mind volumes of thought and feeling. 



Music is addressed to the ear ; it depends upon a succession of sounds, 

 and the music of the savage is only a melody that may be expressed on 

 a scale by a single line or a succession of dots. On the other hand, the 

 music of an orchestra is composed of hundreds of sounds of various 

 qualities, which in the opera combine with the dramatic elements to excite 

 the thouorhts and emotions. The music of the ancients bears the same 

 relation to the music of the future that the Arts and Sciences of the past 

 bear to the Arts and Sciences of the future. 



Poetry, too, is addressed to the ear. A simple ballad suggests a simple 

 train of thought, or perhaps a gentle shade of feeling ; but the poetry 

 of Shakespeare suggests with each word a dozen images. In the early 

 youth of nations, before the Arts and Sciences were fully developed, the 

 energies of the intellect were mainly directed upon the language. The 

 old Celtic bards were never allowed to speak except in blank verse. In 

 the poetry of Homer and Shakespeare we find a vigor and an inspiration 

 utterly wanting in later poetry. Abbott, in his Shakespearian Grammar, 

 says: "We may perhaps claim some superiority in completeness and per- 

 spicuity for modern English, but if we were to appeal on this ground to 

 the shade of Shakespeare in the words of Antonio in the Tempest, 

 ' Do you not hear me speak ? ' we might fairly be crushed with the reply 

 of Sebastian, ' I do, and surely it is a sleepy language.' " 



Language may be regarded as the mother of all the sciences. She has 

 brought them forth and nursed them, and they still depend upon her 

 to introduce them to society. But it is time for them to cast off their 

 swaddling clothes and learn to walk alone. In the future, language will 

 not be overtaxed as it is at present, but will be none the less useful in its 

 proper sphere. Thought must have other means of expression before all 

 can co-operate to build up sciences to best advantage. 



The earliest science was purely deductive. Philosophers evolved 

 knowledge from the inner consciousness. The science of modern times 

 has been mainly inductive, but the time has come when the results of 

 induction must bo put in shape to be combined in broader generaliza- 



