FISHERY BULLETIN: VOL. 74, NO. 2 



onization by mussels, which, according to Hoshiai 

 (1964) and Holmes (1970), are the principal foul- 

 ing organisms in power plant cooling systems. 



The use of intermittent chlorination as a fouling 

 control agent has been noted by Holmes (1970), 

 Morris (1971), and Draley (1972). In general, most 

 investigators feel that the larvae of various 

 marine fouling organisms are more sensitive to 

 chronic low-level concentrations of chlorine than 

 are the adults (Dobson 1946; Turner et al. 1948). 

 Thus, greatest effectiveness results from repeated 

 low-level chlorination, which either kills the lar- 

 vae directly or creates an unfavorable environ- 

 ment for settlement. 



Any fouling control scheme should maintain 

 adequate precautions against excessive interfer- 

 ence with organisms inhabiting the receiving 

 water ecosystem. Chemical toxins such as chlorine 

 are objected to as antifouling agents primarily 

 because of the possible detrimental effects on non- 

 target organisms (Waugh 1964; Hamilton et al. 

 1970; Stober and Hanson 1974). This effect is par- 

 ticularly true when the treated effluent is dis- 

 charged directly into the aquatic environment. 



The data presented in this study can only be 

 called preliminary. Additional tests should be run 

 which would include at least one complete annual 

 cycle study of subtidal fouling. Yet the present 

 study does indicate that if the proposed plant were 

 to be built at Kiket Island, its cooling system 

 should be in water deeper than 6 m and should 

 have a safe and adequate fouling control scheme. 

 Of the different construction materials tested in 

 this study, it would appear that copper -nickel 

 alloy would most effectively deter fouling and that 

 concrete and wood would be least effective. 



It must be emphasized that the present study is 

 an analysis of biofouling. Prior to the siting and 

 final design of the cooling water intake structure, 

 consideration must also be given to the potential 

 effects of entrainment on zooplankton and larval 

 and juvenile fish. 



ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 



The investigation was sponsored in a contract 

 with Seattle City Light and Snohomish County 

 P.U.D. as part of a comprehensive biological study 

 of the Kiket Island nuclear power site. Thanks are 

 due Q. J. Stober who directed the study and as- 

 sisted in preparation of the manuscript, Sandi 

 Hanson for valuable assistance in data collection 

 and analysis, and E. O. Salo, K. K. Chew, J. P. 



384 



Houghton, and D. L. Mayer for comments and 

 suggestions during the study. 



LITERATURE CITED 



Beauchamp, R.S. 



1966. Low-level chlorination for the control of marine foul- 

 ing. Central Electric Res. Lab., Lab. Memo RD/L/M 

 147, 16 p. 



Bendiner, W. p., T. E. Ewart, and E. H. Linger. 



1972. Prediction of excess heat distribution using tracer dye 

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 COE, W. R. 



1932 . Season of attachment and rate of growth of sedentary 

 marine organisms at the pier of the Scripps Institution of 

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Crisp, D. J., and J. S. Ryland. 



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DoocHiN, H., AND F. G. W. Smith. 



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Graham, H. W., and H. Gay. 



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MIHURSKY. 



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