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Thurberg, F. p., and M. a. Dawson. 



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 THURBERG, F. P., M. A. DAWSON, AND R. S. COLLIER. 



1973. Effects of copper and cadmium on osmoregulation 

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 Mar. Biol. (Berl.) 23:171-175. 

 VERNBERG, W. B., AND J. O'HARA. 



1972. Temperature-salinity stress and mercury uptake in 

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 VERNBERG, W. B., AND J. VERNBERG. 



1972. The synergistic effects of temperature, salinity, and 

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Judith S. Weis 



Department of Zoology and Physiology 

 Rutgers University 

 Newark, NJ 07102 



NOTES ON THE EARLY DEVELOPMENT 



OF THE SEA RAVEN, 



HEMITRIPTERUS AMERICANUS 



Egg and larval characteristics of the sea raven, 

 Hemitripterus americanus (Gmelin), are distinc- 

 tive. The species ranges from Labrador to Chesa- 

 peake Bay but is nowhere abundant (Bigelow and 

 Welsh 1925). Notes on the fertilized eggs (Bean 

 1897), newly hatched larvae (Warfel and Merri- 

 man 1944), and juveniles larger than 45 mm 

 (Huntsman 1922; Bigelow and Welsh 1925; Bige- 

 low and Schroeder 1936) have been recorded. 

 However, there is no available information deal- 

 ing with specimens between 12 and 45 mm in 

 length. The present paper attempts, in part, to 

 bridge this gap in previous observations of these 

 larvae. 



Methods and Materials 



lected at the level of the high tide mark at 0930 h 

 on 9 November 1974. They were placed in an open 

 system seawater aquarium at the marine station 

 of Southampton College. In mid-December half of 

 the eggs were transferred to laboratory facilities 

 at the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadel- 

 phia, where they were held in artificial seawater 

 (7°C, 32L) with a controlled photoperiod of 10.5 

 h light and 13.5 h darkness. Crude but effective 

 temperature control was achieved by placing the 

 covered rearing container in a water bath. The 

 water bath and rearing container were then 

 placed in a refrigerator. The temperature of the 

 water bath was maintained with a thermostati- 

 cally controlled aquarium heater. A 7y2-W light 

 bulb, controlled by an electric timer, was sus- 

 pended above the rearing container. Moderate 

 aeration kept the eggs in motion. After hatching, 

 the larvae were maintained in similar conditions 

 but without aeration. The strong current result- 

 ing from aeration appeared to be detrimental to 

 the fragile larvae. When the yolk was nearly ab- 

 sorbed, the larvae were presented with food in the 

 form of Artemia sp. nauplii and small pieces of 

 Palaemonetes sp. and Littorina sp. flesh. Only 

 three specimens could be induced to eat the pieces 

 of flesh by placing the food in their mouths. 

 Eventually one specimen ate the Artemia sp. 

 nauplii unassisted. 



Measurements were made on live material. Egg 

 diameters were measured with dial calipers. Total 

 lengths (TL) of the larvae were measured through 

 a dissecting microscope using an ocular microm- 

 eter. Myomere counts were made with the aid of 

 two Polaroid* HN 38 x 0.3 inch filters placed 

 above and below the larvae and used in conjunc- 

 tion with a dissecting microscope and substage 

 lamp. Final identification of the larvae was based 

 on a comparison of the largest reared specimen in 

 this study and the specimens collected in the Gulf 

 of Maine by Joanne and Wayne Laroche. All 36 

 preserved specimens were preserved in 5% buf- 

 fered Formalin and deposited in the Department 

 of Ichthyology, Academy of Natural Sciences of 

 Philadelphia (ANSP 131947). 



Descriptions 



Egg and Embryo 



Some of the peripheral eggs in the cluster had 



A cluster of nearly 90 eggs was found on the rocky 

 shore of Montauk Point, N.Y. The eggs were col- 



iReference to trade names does not imply endorsement by the 

 National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA. 



467 



