quite regularly rather than incidentally (occur- 

 ring at least in 1965, 1966, and 1969). 



Consequently, it is concluded that the presence 

 of anchovies in northern waters does not repre- 

 sent a mere expansion of this species' geographic 

 range — an expansion that well might have ac- 

 companied its recent fivefold increase in total 

 population size. The previously mentioned 

 genetic and meristic evidence, the results of 

 recent larvae surveys, and the above length- 

 frequency analysis would all seem to refute such 

 a conclusion. Moreover, since this subpopulation 

 was the mainstay of a substantive fishery for live 

 bait during the 1940's (Pruter 1966), it seems to 

 have been a persistent feature of the Washington- 

 Oregon coast even before the dramatic expansion 

 of the anchovy biomass which followed the demise 

 of the sardine. Thus the weight of evidence 

 seems to indicate that the northern subpopula- 

 tion of anchovies is one of three independent 

 population elements, all of which are capable 

 of spawning and producing their own recruitment. 



Literature Cited 



adjacent ocean waters. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Fish. 

 Ind. Res. 3(3): 17-68. 



Richardson, S. L. 



1973. Abundance and distribution of larval fishes in 

 waters off Oregon, May-October 1969, with special 

 emphasis on the northern anchovy, Engraulis mordax. 

 Fish. Bull., U.S. 71:697-711. 



Tillman, M. F. 



1972. The economic consequences of alternative systems; 

 a simulation study of the fishery for northern anchovy, 

 Engraulis mordax Girard. Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Washing- 

 ton, Seattle, 227 p. 



Vrooman, a. M., and p. E. Smith. 



1971. Biomass of the subpopulations of northern anchovy 

 Engraulis mordax Girard. Calif. Coop. Ocean. Fish. 

 Invest., Rep. 15:49-51. 



Michael F. Tillman 



Northwest Fisheries Center 

 National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA 

 2725 Montlake Boulevard East 

 Seattle, WA 98112 



COMMENT. 



INTRODUCTION OF CODWM IN 



NEW ENGLAND WATERS 



Ahlstrom, E. H. 



1954. Distribution and abundance of egg and larval 

 populations of the Pacific sardine. U.S. Fish Wildl. 

 Serv., Fish. Bull. 56:83-140. 



1968. What might be gained from an oceanwide survey 

 of fish eggs and larvae in various seasons. Calif. Coop. 

 Ocean. Fish. Invest., Rep. 12:64-67. 

 Baxter, J. L. 



1967. Summary of biological information on the northern 

 anchovy Engraulis mordax Girard. Calif. Coop. Ocean. 

 Fish. Invest., Rep. 11:110-116. 

 Clark, F. N., and J. B. Phillips. 



1952. The northern anchovy (Engraulis mordax mordax) 

 in the California fishery. Calif. Fish Game 38:189-207. 

 Harry, G. Y., Jr. 



1948. Oregon pilchard fishery. Oreg. Fish Comm., Res. 

 Briefs 1(2): 10-15. 



1949. The pilchard situation in Oregon. Oreg. Fish 

 Comm., Res. Briefs 2(2):17-22. 



LeBrasseur, R. 



1970. Larval fish species collected in zooplankton samples 

 from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, 1956-1959. Fish. 

 Res. Board Can., Tech. Rep. 175, 47 p. 

 McHuGH, J. L. 



1951. Meristic variations and populations of northern 

 anchovy (Engraulis mordax mordax). Bull. Scripps Inst. 

 Oceanogr., Univ. Calif. 6:123-160. 

 Miller, D. J. 



1955. Studies relating to the validity of the scale method 

 for age determination of the northern anchovy (Engraulis 

 mordax). Calif. Dep. Fish Game., Fish Bull. 101:6-36. 



Pruter, A. T. 



1966. Commercial fisheries of the Columbia River and 



Genus Codium is one of the most common forms 

 of seaweed found in almost every latitude but, 

 until recently, has been absent from the east 

 coast of North America. Codium attaches to 

 rocks, pilings, old molluscan shells, and also 

 shells of living oysters, scallops, and mussels. 

 This algae has a number of common names, such 

 as spaghetti grass, staghorn, deadman's fingers, 

 and Japanese weed. It grows rapidly and often 

 becomes so dense that it sometimes creates 

 undesirable conditions on cultivated and natural 

 shellfish beds, as well as in some other environ- 

 ments. At times it becomes buoyant enough to 

 float and to carry along with it mollusks, to the 

 shells of which it is attached. Mass mortalities 

 of Codium are usually followed by quick decom- 

 position, creating adverse conditions that result 

 in the death of mollusks and other bottom forms. 

 No Codium was known to exist in New England 

 waters until approximately the end of the 1950's, 

 when the first specimens of Codium fragile were 

 reported from several aquatic areas adjacent to 

 Long Island. Since then it has become established 

 in the waters of New England, spreading as far 

 north as the State of Maine. According to a recent 

 article (Quinn 1971) "It is now a dominant sea- 

 weed in the waters of Eastern Long Island and 



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