(Cap Vert). Hilgendorf 1888:208 (Azores 

 Islands). Osorio 1890:56 (Angola). Vinciguerra 

 1893:93 (Canary Islands). Griffini 1903:398 

 (description; Italy). Pellegrin 1908:89-90 

 (Dakar), fig. 6. Shepherd 1910a:59, fig. 13 

 (asteriscus). Shepherd 1910b:293, fig. 1 (sagit- 

 ta). Parona 1919:84-91 (synonymy; common 

 names; description; distribution; Italy; col. pi. 

 8). Farran 1923:106 (Ireland). Sanzo 1932:3-9 

 (eggs and larvae; Italy; col. pi. with 7 figs, of 

 egg and developing embryo). Athanassopoulos 

 1934:315-316 (Greece; Sea of Marmora). Lieb- 

 man 1934:325 (Israel). 



Palamita sarda. Bonaparte 1831:173 (original 

 description of Palamita, substitute name for 

 Pelamys Cuvier, preoccupied). 



Pelamis sarda. Valenciennes 1844:49-50 (Canary 

 Islands). Verany 1847:493 (Liguria, Italy). 

 Ehrenbaum 1924:10-11 (vertebral counts; 

 description of 7.2-mm larva from Oran, 

 Algeria); fig. 3a (7.2-mm larva) and 3b 

 (preopercle of larva). 



Sarda pelamys. Gill 1862:126 (type-species of Sar- 

 da!). Jones 1879:88 (Halifax, Nova Scotia). 



Sarda mediterranea. Jordan and Gilbert 

 1882:427-428 (description; both sides of Atlan- 

 tic; synonymy). Carus 1893:659 (Medi- 

 terranean). Soljan 1963:147 (description; figs.; 

 Adriatic Sea). 



Sarda pelamis. Smitt 1892:105-107 (synonymy; 

 description; occasional visitor to Scandinavia), 

 fig. 30. Sanz Echeverria 1926:150 (sagitta). 

 Jensen 1937:10-11 (a summer visitor to the 

 Skagerak and Kattegat). Otterstr)!(m 

 1943:125-126 (summary of previous records 

 from Denmark, photograph). 



Comparative Diagnosis.— Sarrfa sarda is the 

 most distinct species in the genus and can be dist- 

 inguished from the other three species by higher 

 counts in several characters (Table 17). Dorsal 

 spines number 20-23 compared to 17-19; vertebrae 

 50-55 vs. 43-46; pleural ribs 24 vs. 19-23; intermus- 

 cular bones 31-45 vs. 32-36; keels on vertebrae 

 number 5-10 (counting from hypural plate 

 anteriorly) vs. 5-8. Sarda sarda is closest to S. 

 australis in several characters: numbers of anal 

 rays, gill rakers, upper and lov^^er jaw teeth, oc- 

 casional presence of vomerine teeth, angle of the 

 hyomandibular spine and the condyle, width of the 

 supramaxilla, and relative length of the haemal 

 pre- and postzygapophyses on the first caudal ver- 

 tebra. As in S. australis, the supramaxilla is in- 



termediate in width, wider than in S. orientalis, 

 but narrower than in S. chiliensis. Sarda sarda 

 resembles S. orientalis in having a long hyoman- 

 dibular spine, projecting beyond the condyle. 



Morphometrically (Tables 1, 21), Sarda sarda is 

 similar to the other species of Sarda but has a 

 shorter first dorsal base (291-330 thousandths of 

 fork length, x 311 vs. 315-343, x 326) and smaller 

 orbit (35-64 vs. 60-80, x 66) than S. australis. The 

 first dorsal fin base is longer than in S. chiliensis 

 (329-368) as is also the maxilla (494-529 

 thousandths of head length vs. 463-503). Sarda 

 sarda differs from S. orientalis in averaging a 

 longer head and greater distances from snout to 

 anal origin and snout to pelvic fin origin. 



Types of Nominal Species.— Scomfeer pelamis 

 Brunnich 1768:68-69. Adriatic Sea. No types 

 known to be extant. Counts from the original 

 description (dorsal fin rays XXIII -I- 15 + VIII; anal 

 fin rays 15 4- VII; pectoral fin rays 24) leave little 

 doubt about the description being of S. sarda. 



Scomber sarda Bloch 1793:44-48, pi. 334. Europe. 

 No types known to be extant. The plate leaves 

 little doubt as to the identity of the description. 

 Counts from the original description: dorsal fin 

 rays XXI -h 15 -i- VII; anal fin rays 14 + VI. 



Scomber palamitus Rafinesque 1810:44-45, pi. 2, 

 fig. 2. Palermo, Sicily. No types known to be ex- 

 tant. Original description states that there are 20 

 spines in the first dorsal fin and the figure is of S. 

 sarda. 



Scomber ponticus Pallas 1811:217. Black Sea. No 

 types known to be extant. Original description 

 includes counts of dorsal fin rays XXII + 14 + IX; 

 anal finlets VIII; and pectoral fin rays 25. 



Thynnus brachypterus Cuvier 1829:198. The 

 original description is not based on specimens but 

 on pre-Linnean authors-the "pelamyde vera" of 

 Rondelet (1554:245-248) and the "thonin sorte de 

 pelamide" of Duhamel du Monceau (1769:pl. 7, fig. 

 5). The large teeth, general body shape, and broad 

 vertical bands show both figures to be of juvenile 

 Sarda. The specimens used by Cuvier (in Cuvier 

 and Valenciennes 1831) in the redescription of T. 

 brachypterus and considered by Bauchot and 

 Blanc (1961) and Blanc and Bauchot (1964) as types 

 are not types. (As CoUette 1966, pointed out, four' 

 of these specimens are Thunnus thynnus and one 

 is Euthynnus alletteratus). 



Distribution.— Sarda sarda occurs along the 

 tropical and temperate coasts of the Atlantic 



609 



