CONTENTS. Vll 



PAGE 



St. Hilaire. — Goethe's Discovery of the two Organic Formative 

 Principles, of the Conservative Principle of Specification (by In- 

 heritance), and of the Progressive Principle of Transformation (by 

 Adaptation). — Goethe's Views of the Common Descent of all Ver- 

 tebrate Animals, including Man. — Theory of Development according 

 to Gottfried Keinhold Treviranus. — His Monistic Conception of 

 Nature. — Oken. — His Nature-philosophy. — Oken's Theory of 

 Protoplasm. — Oken's Theory of Infusoria (Cell Theory). — Oken's 

 Theory of Development ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 



CHAPTER V 



THEORY OP DEVELOPMENT ACCOEDING TO KANT AND 



LAMAECK. 



Kant's Dualistic Biology. — His Conception of the Origin of Inorganic 

 Nature by Mechanical Causes, of Organic Natui'e by Causes acting 

 for a Definite Purpose. — Contradiction of this Conception with his 

 leaning towards the Theory of Descent. — Kant's Genealogical 

 Theory of Development. — Its Limitation by his Teleology. — Com- 

 parison of Genealogical Biology with Comparative Philology. — 

 Views in favour of the Theory of Descent entertained by Leopold 

 Buch, Bar, Schleiden, Unger, Schaafhausen, Victor Cams, Biichner. 

 — French Nature -philosophy. — Lamarck's Philosophie Zoologique. — 

 Lamarck's Monistic (mechanical) System of Nature. — His Views 

 of the Inter-action of the two Organic Formative Tendencies of 

 Inheritance and Adaptation. — Lamarck's Conception of Man's 

 Development from Ape-like Mammals. — Geoffrey St. Hilaire's, 

 Naudin's, and Lecoq's Defence of the Theory of Descent. — English 

 Nature -philosophy. — Views in favour of the Theory of Descent 

 entertained by Erasmus Darwin, W. Herbert, Grant, Freke, Herbert 

 Spencer, Hooker, Huxley. — The Double Merit of Charles Darwin ... 100 



CHAPTER VI. 



THEOEY OF DEVELOPMENT ACCOEDING TO LYELL 



AND DAEWIN. 



Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology. — His Natural History of the 

 Earth's Development. — Origin of the Greatest Effects thi'ough the 

 Multiphcation of the Smallest Causes. — Unlimited Extent of Geo- 

 logical Periods. — Lyell's Eefutationof Cuvier's History of Creation. 

 — The Establishment of the Uninterrupted Connection of Historical 

 Development by Lyell and Darwin. — Biographical Notice of Charles 

 Dai-win. — His Scientific Works. — Jlis Theory of Coral Eeefs. — De- 



