lOO - THE HISTORY OF CKEATION. 



CHAPTER V. 



THEORY OF DEYELOPMENT ACCORDING TO KANT 



AND LAMARCK. 



Kant's Dnalistic Biology. — His Conception of tlie Origin of Inorganic 

 Nature by Mechanical Causes, of Organic Nature by Causes acting for a 

 Definite Purpose. — Contradiction of this Conception with his leaning 

 towards the Theory of Descent. — Kant's Genealogical Theory of 

 Development. — Its Limitation by his Teleology. — Comparison of 

 Genealogical Biology with Comparative Philology. — Views in favour of 

 the Theory of Descent entertained by Leopold Buch, Bar, Schleiden, 

 Unger, Schaafhausen, Victor Cams, Biichncr. — French Nature, 

 philosophy. — Lamarck's Philosophic Zoologique. — Lamarck's Monistic 

 (mechanical) System of Nature. — His Views of the Inter-action of the 

 Two Organic Formative Tendencies of Inheritance and Adaptation. — 

 Lamarck's Conception of Man's Development from Ape-like Mammals. — 

 Geoffroy St. Hilaire's, Naudin's, and Lecoq's Defence of the Theory of 

 Descent. — English Nature-philosophy. — Views in favour of the Theory 

 of Descent, entertained by Erasmus Darwin, W. Herbert, Grant, Freke, 

 Herbert Spencer, Hooker, Huxley. — The Double Merit of Charles 

 Dar^vin. 



The teleological view of nature, wliich explains the plie- 

 nomena of the organic world by the action of a personal 

 Creator acting for a definite purpose, necessarily leads, when 

 carried to its extreme consequences, either to utterly unten- 

 able contradictions, or to a twofold (dualistic) conception 

 of nature, which most directly contradicts the unity and 

 simplicity of the supreme laws which are everywhere 

 perceptible. The philosophers who embrace teleology must 



